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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

Target Cell Response to Hormones

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Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
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Combination Thyroid Hormone Replacement; Knowns and Unknowns.

Peter N Taylor1, Vinay Eligar1, Ilaria Muller1

  • 1Thyroid Research Group, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff, United Kingdom.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|November 8, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Levothyroxine monotherapy is standard for hypothyroidism, but many patients remain unsatisfied. Combination therapy with liothyronine is controversial, highlighting the need for further research into optimal thyroid hormone replacement strategies.

Keywords:
combinationhypothyroidismlevothyroxineliothyroninetreatment

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Internal Medicine
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Hypothyroidism is a prevalent endocrine disorder diagnosed via thyroid function tests.
  • Levothyroxine monotherapy is the standard treatment, yet 10-15% of patients report persistent symptoms.
  • Patient dissatisfaction fuels interest in combination therapy with liothyronine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge and identify research gaps in thyroid hormone replacement therapy.
  • To delineate areas of agreement and disagreement regarding levothyroxine and liothyronine treatments.
  • To inform the design of future clinical trials on combination therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of existing literature on hypothyroidism management.
  • Analysis of evidence regarding levothyroxine monotherapy and combination therapy.
  • Identification of "knowns" (established knowledge) and "unknowns" (research gaps).

Main Results:

  • Widespread patient dissatisfaction with levothyroxine monotherapy is acknowledged.
  • Biases in hypothyroidism testing and levothyroxine prescribing exist.
  • Clinical trials have not yet proven combination therapy superior to levothyroxine alone.

Conclusions:

  • Further randomized controlled trials are essential to evaluate combination therapy efficacy and safety.
  • Research is needed to identify biomarkers for predicting response to combination therapy.
  • Understanding "unknowns" like liothyronine's long-term safety is crucial for optimizing patient care.