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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

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Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
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Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
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Pulsatile Release of Human Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Using a Photoactivated Depot Containing an Unusual Light Cleaved Functionality.

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Updated: Jan 4, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

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Replacing Pumps with Light Controlled Insulin Delivery.

Simon H Friedman1

  • 1Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Pharmacy, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA. Friedmans@umkc.edu.

Current Diabetes Reports
|November 8, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Photoactivated depot (PAD) technology enables light-controlled, minimally invasive insulin delivery. This approach shows promise for managing diabetes by releasing bioactive insulin and reducing blood glucose levels in animal models.

Keywords:
Artificial pancreasDepotGlucagonInsulinInsulin pumpLightProtein delivery

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials science
  • Drug delivery systems
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus requires effective insulin therapy.
  • Current insulin delivery methods, such as pumps, have limitations.
  • Need for advanced, minimally invasive insulin delivery systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development of the photoactivated depot (PAD) approach for insulin delivery.
  • To highlight the potential of PAD for minimally invasive and continuously variable insulin administration.

Main Methods:

  • Development of photoactivated depot materials for insulin encapsulation.
  • In vivo testing in diabetic animal models.
  • Utilizing external LED light sources for controlled insulin release.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated light-induced release of native, bioactive insulin from PADs.
  • Confirmed bioactivity and blood glucose-lowering effects of released insulin.
  • Developed second-generation PADs with high insulin density for extended delivery.

Conclusions:

  • The PAD approach offers a promising solution for continuously variable insulin delivery.
  • This technology addresses limitations associated with traditional insulin pumps.
  • PAD technology represents a significant advancement in diabetes management.