Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Frustration and Conflict: Approach-Approach, Approach-Avoidance01:20

Frustration and Conflict: Approach-Approach, Approach-Avoidance

424
Frustration occurs when people are obstructed or prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need. For example, when someone's input is ignored in a discussion, it can lead to feelings of frustration. Conflict, however, arises from opposing interests, goals, or actions. Conflicts can take various forms based on the nature of these opposing desires or goals.
One common type of conflict is the Approach–Approach Conflict. In this case, a person faces two desirable...
424
Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance01:14

Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance

518
Avoidance-avoidance conflict refers to a psychological situation where a person must choose between two or more unpleasant alternatives. These conflicts are particularly stressful because neither option is desirable. This dilemma is often expressed in sayings like "caught between a rock and a hard place" or "between the devil and the deep blue sea." For instance, individuals who fear dental procedures may find themselves torn between enduring a painful toothache or facing the...
518
Horney's Sociocultural Approach01:27

Horney's Sociocultural Approach

1.0K
Karen Horney's psychoanalytic theories emphasize the potential for self-realization and the importance of addressing social and cultural, rather than biological, factors in personality development. She challenged traditional Freudian views, particularly Freud's concept of "penis envy," which she argued stemmed from cultural influences rather than inherent biological differences. Horney believed that any sense of inferiority in women was a result of societal conditioning, such as...
1.0K
Persuasion Strategies01:52

Persuasion Strategies

42.9K
Researchers have tested many persuasion strategies, including the foot-in-the door and the door-in-the-face techniques, in a variety of contexts. Ultimately, the principles are effective in selling products and changing people’s attitude, ideas, and behaviors (Cialdini & Goldstein, 2004).
42.9K
Barriers to Effective Communication I01:30

Barriers to Effective Communication I

10.8K
A communication barrier is any distortion or interruption during a conversation, resulting in miscommunication of the message. A good communicator should know these barriers and continuously check for the listener's understanding by obtaining feedback.
Communication barriers include the following:
Physiological barriers: They are limitations caused by a person's health condition or disability, such as hearing loss, poor eyesight, illness, or unconsciousness. An example to overcome this...
10.8K
Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness01:14

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness

2.4K
Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
2.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Neural signatures of naming retrieval: Theta and Alpha oscillatory dynamics functionally dissociate objects, people and places.

Cognitive neuropsychology·2026
Same author

Spiky anger, round peace: examining valence, arousal, and linguistic associations in emotion-eliciting concepts.

Cognition & emotion·2025
Same author

Neural correlates of semantic typicality during episodic memory retrieval in autism spectrum disorder.

Scientific reports·2025
Same author

Inhibiting orofacial mimicry affects authenticity perception in vocal emotions.

Emotion (Washington, D.C.)·2024
Same author

Is it the Child's Fault? Maternal Attributions in Child Abuse and Neglect.

Psicothema·2023
Same author

Consensus Paper: Situated and Embodied Language Acquisition.

Journal of cognition·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 4, 2026

Investigating Pain-Related Avoidance Behavior using a Robotic Arm-Reaching Paradigm
09:00

Investigating Pain-Related Avoidance Behavior using a Robotic Arm-Reaching Paradigm

Published on: October 3, 2020

4.4K

Oral Approach Avoidance.

Sandra Godinho1, Margarida V Garrido1, Oleksandr V Horchak1

  • 1CIS-ISCTE, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Portugal.

Experimental Psychology
|November 8, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The in-out effect, a preference for words mimicking ingestion over expectoration, was confirmed in Ukrainian and Turkish. This finding supports the embodied explanation of how oral movements influence motivational states across diverse language families.

Keywords:
approach avoidanceembodimentin-out effectoral kinematics

More Related Videos

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster
08:08

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: December 13, 2014

11.7K
Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning
06:20

Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning

Published on: October 15, 2021

4.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 4, 2026

Investigating Pain-Related Avoidance Behavior using a Robotic Arm-Reaching Paradigm
09:00

Investigating Pain-Related Avoidance Behavior using a Robotic Arm-Reaching Paradigm

Published on: October 3, 2020

4.4K
Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster
08:08

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: December 13, 2014

11.7K
Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning
06:20

Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning

Published on: October 15, 2021

4.2K

Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Cognitive Science
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • The 'in-out effect' describes a preference for words articulated with ingestion-like movements over those with expectoration-like movements.
  • This effect has been observed in Germanic and Italic languages, suggesting a link between oral articulation and motivational states.
  • Its presence in non-Indo-European languages or those using the Cyrillic alphabet remains unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the universality of the in-out effect.
  • To determine if the in-out effect extends to Ukrainian (Indo-European, Cyrillic alphabet) and Turkish (non-Indo-European) languages.
  • To further support an embodied cognition explanation for this phenomenon.

Main Methods:

  • Two high-powered experiments were conducted with a total of 274 participants.
  • Native Ukrainian and Turkish speakers were recruited to test the in-out effect in their respective languages.
  • Participants' preferences for words based on their articulatory movements (ingestion vs. expectoration) were assessed.

Main Results:

  • The in-out effect was successfully replicated in both Ukrainian and Turkish native speakers.
  • This demonstrates that the preference for ingestion-like articulation is not limited to Indo-European languages using the Latin alphabet.
  • The findings provide robust support for an embodied explanation of the in-out effect.

Conclusions:

  • The in-out effect is a cross-linguistic phenomenon, extending beyond Germanic and Italic language families.
  • Embodied cognition principles, linking physical actions to abstract concepts, are strongly supported by these findings.
  • The study highlights the influence of basic oral motor patterns on language processing and preference across diverse linguistic backgrounds.