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Related Concept Videos

Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Ribosomes01:27

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Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
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Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
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Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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An In Vitro Single-Molecule Imaging Assay for the Analysis of Cap-Dependent Translation Kinetics
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Basic, simple and extendable kinetic model of protein synthesis.

Alexander N Gorban1,2, Annick Harel-Bellan3,4, Nadya Morozova3,4,5

  • 1University of Leicester, Center for Mathematical Modeling, Leicester, UK.

Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering : MBE
|November 9, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a simplified chemical kinetic model for protein synthesis, addressing the complexity of polysomes. The model reveals critical parameters for protein production and suggests a minimum ribosome pool is essential for cellular function.

Keywords:
kinetic modelinglumpingproteinribosomestranslation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Protein synthesis, or translation, is a fundamental biological process.
  • Existing mathematical models of translation often lack a simple, chemically derived kinetic basis.
  • The polysome structure complicates modeling due to an indefinite number of states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a basic, simple chemical kinetic model for protein synthesis derived from a detailed kinetic scheme.
  • To simplify the modeling of translation by lumping mRNA states and introducing a variable for translating ribosomes.
  • To provide a foundation for more complex cellular process models.

Main Methods:

  • Application of state lumping for translated mRNA into fewer dynamical variables.
  • Introduction of a variable to describe the pool of translating ribosomes.
  • Analytical solution of the simplest model, with potential extensions for phenomena like limited ribosomal units or microRNA regulation.

Main Results:

  • The simplest model is analytically solvable.
  • Demonstrated critical parameters for single protein synthesis with abundant ribosomal units.
  • Revealed intrinsic bi-stability in ribosomal protein turnover dynamics.
  • Predicted a minimal pre-existing ribosome pool necessary for sustaining protein synthesis machinery.

Conclusions:

  • The developed kinetic model offers a simplified yet robust approach to studying protein synthesis.
  • The model is applicable to eukaryotes and extendable to prokaryotes.
  • The findings highlight the importance of a basal ribosome pool for cellular viability and function.