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Tension Response at Adherens Junctions01:26

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Proteins perform many mechanical functions in a cell. These proteins can be classified into two general categories- proteins that generate mechanical forces and proteins that are subjected to mechanical forces. Proteins providing mechanical support to the structure of the cell, such as keratin, are subjected to mechanical force, whereas proteins involved in cell movement and transport of molecules across cell membranes, such as an ion pump, are examples of generating mechanical force. 
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Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...
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B cell mechanosensing: A mechanistic overview.

Samina Shaheen1, Zhengpeng Wan1, Kabeer Haneef1

  • 1Center for life sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

Advances in Immunology
|November 9, 2019
PubMed
Summary

B cells use mechanosensing to detect antigen-presenting substrate stiffness, regulating activation and antibody responses. This process is crucial for immunity and avoiding autoimmune diseases.

Keywords:
B cellsFAKIntegrinMechanosensingSubstrate stiffness

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • B cells are vital for adaptive immunity and humoral responses against pathogens.
  • B cell activation is initiated by antigen presentation to the B cell receptor (BCR).
  • Substrate stiffness significantly influences B cell activation, proliferation, and antibody production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review studies on the molecular mechanisms of B cell mechanosensing.
  • To understand how B cells sense antigen-presenting substrate stiffness.
  • To elucidate the role of mechanosensing in B cell activation and autoimmune diseases.

Main Methods:

  • High-resolution, high-speed live-cell imaging.
  • Utilizing sophisticated biophysical materials for antigen presentation.
  • Review of existing research on B cell mechanosensing.

Main Results:

  • B cell activation is highly sensitive to the stiffness of antigen-presenting substrates.
  • Mechanosensing, via BCR signaling and adhesion molecules, regulates B cell activation and proliferation.
  • Defects in substrate stiffness sensing can lead to autoreactive B cell activation and autoimmunity.

Conclusions:

  • B cell mechanosensing is a rapid process, initiating activation within seconds of substrate engagement.
  • Understanding B cell mechanosensing is key to addressing autoimmune diseases.
  • This review highlights the critical role of biophysical cues in immune responses.