Aqueous-Soluble Naphthalene Diimide-Based Polymer Acceptors for Efficient and Air-Stable All-Polymer Solar Cells

Aqueous-processed all-polymer solar cells (aq-APSCs) are reported for the first time by developing a series of water/ethanol-soluble naphthalenediimide (NDI)-based polymer acceptors [P(NDIDEG-T), P(NDITEG-T), and P(NDITEG-T2)]. Polymer acceptors are designed by using the backbones of NDI-bithiophene and NDI-thiophene in combination with nonionic hydrophilic oligoethylene glycol (OEG) side chains that facilitate processability in water/ethanol mixtures. All three polymers exhibit sufficient solubility (20-50 mg mL^-1) in the aqueous medium. The P(NDIDEG-T) polymer with shorter OEG side chains is the most crystalline with the highest electron mobility, enabling the fabrication of efficient aq-APSCs with the maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.15%. Furthermore, these aq-APSCs are fabricated under ambient atmosphere by taking advantage of the eco-friendly aqueous process and, importantly, the devices exhibit outstanding air-stability without any encapsulation, as evident by maintaining more than 90% of the initial PCE in the air after 4 days. According to a double cantilever beam test, the interfacial adhesion properties between the active layer and electron/hole transporting layers were remarkably improved by incorporating the hydrophilic OEG-attached photoactive layer, which hinders the delamination of the constituent layers and prevents the increase of series resistance, ultimately leading to enhanced durability under ambient conditions. The combination of increased device stability and minimal environmental impact of these aq-APSCs demonstrates them to be worthy candidates for continued development of scalable polymer solar cells.