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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

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Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

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All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
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All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics
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Resolving Ultrafast Spin-Orbit Dynamics in Heavy Many-Electron Atoms.

Jack Wragg1, Daniel D A Clarke1, Gregory S J Armstrong1

  • 1Centre for Theoretical Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.

Physical Review Letters
|November 9, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We controlled krypton autoionizing states using two time-delayed extreme ultraviolet ultrashort pulses. Varying pulse delay precisely guided excitation pathways for observing atomic decay dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Atomic Physics
  • Quantum Mechanics
  • Ultrafast Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Atomic systems exhibit complex behaviors when interacting with intense laser fields.
  • Autoionizing states are crucial for understanding electron dynamics in atoms.
  • Extreme ultraviolet (XUV) ultrashort pulses offer precise control over atomic excitation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the excitation pathways to autoionizing states in krypton using time-delayed XUV pulses.
  • To control and observe the population dynamics of autoionizing levels through their decay.
  • To explore the role of spin-orbit effects in ultrafast atomic processes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing R-matrix with time-dependence theory, incorporating spin-orbit effects.
  • Employing two time-delayed, cross-polarized extreme ultraviolet ultrashort pulses.
  • Analyzing the population of autoionizing states via their subsequent decay patterns.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated control over excitation pathways to krypton autoionizing states by adjusting the time delay between pulses.
  • Successfully isolated a two-photon excitation pathway using cross-polarized light.
  • Observed and analyzed the decay dynamics of populated autoionizing levels.

Conclusions:

  • Time-delayed ultrafast pulses provide a powerful tool for manipulating atomic excitation pathways.
  • The R-matrix method with time-dependence is effective for studying complex atomic dynamics, including spin-orbit interactions.
  • This research offers insights into controlling electron dynamics in atoms using tailored laser pulses.