Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Issues And Trends In Healthcare Delivery System01:29

Issues And Trends In Healthcare Delivery System

6.1K
The issues and trends in healthcare delivery are constantly changing. The COVID-19 pandemic is one recent issue that wreaked havoc on healthcare systems, causing a shortage of healthcare workers, high demand for medicines and supplies, and increased medical expenditure due to a lack of insurance. Other issues include rising healthcare costs and care fragmentation.
Cost Containment
Payment for healthcare services has historically promoted adoption of costly and often unnecessary or inefficient...
6.1K
Non-equilibrium in the Cell01:16

Non-equilibrium in the Cell

5.3K
An important concept in studying metabolism and energy is that of chemical equilibrium. Most chemical reactions are reversible. They can proceed in both directions, releasing energy into their environment in one direction, and absorbing it from the environment in the other direction. The same is true for the chemical reactions involved in cell metabolism, such as the breaking down and building up of proteins into and from individual amino acids, respectively. Reactants within a closed system...
5.3K
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology01:20

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

2.1K
Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. It attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem-solving, as well as other cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology studies how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing.
This field emerged in the mid-20th century, following a period dominated by behaviorism, which...
2.1K
Natural and Artificial Concepts01:24

Natural and Artificial Concepts

505
In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: natural and artificial. Natural concepts are formed through direct or indirect experiences. For example, consider the concept of snow. If you live in a place with regular snowfall, such as Essex Junction, Vermont, you know snow through direct experiences. You’ve seen it fall, touched it, shoveled it, and played in it. You recognize its texture, appearance, and even its smell. In contrast, if you live on an island like Saint...
505
Machines: Problem Solving II01:30

Machines: Problem Solving II

612
Machines are complex structures consisting of movable, pin-connected multi-force members that work together to transmit forces. Consider a lifting tong carrying a 100 kg load. It comprises movable sections DAF and CBG linked together with member AB.
612
Machines: Problem Solving I01:22

Machines: Problem Solving I

644
A toggle clamp is a mechanical device commonly used for holding and clamping objects in various applications, such as woodworking, metalworking, and assembly operations. Consider a toggle clamp subjected to a force of 200 N at the handle. The vertical clamping force can be calculated, provided the dimensions of the toggle clamp are known.
The toggle clamp system is a machine structure consisting of movable, pin-connected multi-force members that form a stabilized system to transmit forces. The...
644

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Ambient AI in primary care: an exploratory mixed methods survey of UK general practitioners.

BMJ health & care informatics·2026
Same author

AI Scribes: Are We Measuring What Matters?

JMIR medical informatics·2026
Same author

The real-world impact of artificial intelligence ethics frameworks across a decade in healthcare: a scoping review.

Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA·2025
Same author

Patient Experience of Virtual Hospital Care Provided by a Multidisciplinary Team: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study.

JMIR research protocols·2025
Same author

Clinical and economic impact of digital dashboards on hospital inpatient care: a systematic review.

JAMIA open·2025
Same author

Developing an AI Governance Framework for Safe and Responsible AI in Health Care Organizations: Protocol for a Multimethod Study.

JMIR research protocols·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 4, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing CBCT and Digital Dental Image Integration with AI-Assisted Digitization
05:49

Author Spotlight: Advancing CBCT and Digital Dental Image Integration with AI-Assisted Digitization

Published on: February 23, 2024

1.3K

The Last Mile: Where Artificial Intelligence Meets Reality.

Enrico Coiera1

  • 1Australian Institute of Health Inovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.

Journal of Medical Internet Research
|November 9, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This article argues that technical success in artificial intelligence does not guarantee real-world effectiveness. The authors suggest that developers should move away from linear creation processes and instead use agile, iterative testing within actual operational environments to overcome deployment hurdles.

Keywords:
artificial intelligenceimplementation sceincesociotechnical systemsmachine learning deploymentagile developmentoperational performancesystem integration

Frequently Asked Questions

More Related Videos

Introduction of an Integrated Pathology Image Management, Artificial Intelligence, and Reporting System
05:33

Introduction of an Integrated Pathology Image Management, Artificial Intelligence, and Reporting System

Published on: July 11, 2025

730

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 4, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing CBCT and Digital Dental Image Integration with AI-Assisted Digitization
05:49

Author Spotlight: Advancing CBCT and Digital Dental Image Integration with AI-Assisted Digitization

Published on: February 23, 2024

1.3K
Introduction of an Integrated Pathology Image Management, Artificial Intelligence, and Reporting System
05:33

Introduction of an Integrated Pathology Image Management, Artificial Intelligence, and Reporting System

Published on: July 11, 2025

730

Area of Science:

  • Artificial intelligence implementation research within information technology
  • Systems engineering and operational performance metrics

Background:

Technical progress in machine learning often ignores the final stage of practical integration. That uncertainty drove interest in why high-performing models frequently fail during actual field deployment. Prior research has shown that laboratory metrics rarely predict success in complex, dynamic environments. No prior work had resolved how these discrepancies arise between controlled settings and real-world utility. This gap motivated a shift toward examining the human and environmental factors involved in system adoption. Scholars have long debated the limitations of focusing solely on algorithmic accuracy. That uncertainty drove a need to re-evaluate the entire lifecycle of digital tool creation. The current literature highlights a disconnect between theoretical capability and operational reality.

Purpose Of The Study:

The aim of this article is to challenge the current focus on technical performance in artificial intelligence development. The authors seek to redirect attention toward the complexities of real-world implementation. This study addresses the specific problem of why high-performing systems often fail when moved into practical environments. The motivation stems from the observation that linear development processes are inadequate for complex, dynamic settings. The researchers intend to demonstrate the necessity of adopting more agile, iterative strategies for technology creation. This work explores the gap between theoretical algorithmic success and actual operational utility. The authors aim to provide a framework for improving the final stage of system deployment. This investigation is driven by the need to ensure that advanced tools effectively solve the problems they are intended to address in the field.

Main Methods:

Review Approach involved a critical examination of existing development paradigms within the field of machine learning. The authors synthesized evidence regarding the limitations of traditional, linear workflows for software deployment. This investigation utilized a comparative analysis of laboratory-based performance versus field-based operational success. The researchers evaluated how contextual variables influence the final utility of advanced digital systems. This study focused on identifying the specific challenges that arise when transitioning from theoretical models to practical tools. The authors employed a qualitative synthesis to contrast standard engineering practices with agile, iterative strategies. This review approach prioritized the identification of systemic failures occurring during the final stages of technology integration. The investigation synthesized findings from various domains to support the argument for more adaptive development cycles.

Main Results:

Key Findings From the Literature indicate that technical performance metrics frequently fail to predict the reliability of systems in actual use. The authors demonstrate that linear development paths often overlook critical environmental constraints. This review shows that high-performing algorithms may exhibit poor utility when removed from controlled, simulated conditions. The evidence suggests that iterative testing cycles significantly reduce the risk of failure during the final deployment phase. The researchers identify the gap between laboratory success and field functionality as a primary barrier to innovation. This synthesis reveals that focusing on the final mile of integration is more effective than solely optimizing internal code. The findings highlight that contextual awareness is a major determinant of whether a system provides real-world value. The literature confirms that agile methods allow for the identification and correction of deployment issues before they become terminal.

Conclusions:

Synthesis and Implications suggest that developers must prioritize contextual integration over raw performance metrics. The authors propose that shifting toward iterative, agile cycles will likely improve system reliability in practice. This review indicates that linear development models are insufficient for addressing the complexities of real-world deployment. The evidence points to the necessity of testing within the target environment throughout the entire project. Researchers maintain that technical excellence remains secondary to successful implementation in the final mile. The synthesis implies that human-centric design is required to bridge the existing gap between theory and application. These findings suggest that organizations should reallocate resources toward field-based validation strategies. The authors conclude that successful technology adoption requires continuous feedback loops rather than isolated development phases.

The researchers propose that technical systems often fail because developers ignore the specific operational context during the design phase. Unlike controlled laboratory settings, real-world environments introduce unpredictable variables that degrade performance, necessitating iterative testing to ensure the software functions correctly once deployed.

The authors advocate for an agile development framework. This approach replaces traditional linear workflows with continuous cycles of creation and field-based evaluation, allowing teams to refine their tools based on actual usage data rather than relying solely on static, pre-deployment benchmarks.

Testing within the target environment is necessary because it reveals hidden constraints that isolated laboratory simulations cannot replicate. According to the authors, this specific technical requirement ensures that the software adapts to the unique human and physical conditions present at the final point of use.

Operational data serves as the primary feedback mechanism for refining system behavior. The researchers argue that this information is more valuable than theoretical accuracy scores, as it provides evidence of how the technology interacts with end-users and existing workflows in the field.

The authors measure success by the system's ability to function effectively in its final environment, rather than by its performance on standardized datasets. This phenomenon highlights the difference between algorithmic precision and practical utility in complex, real-world scenarios.

The researchers propose that organizations must abandon the linear model of technology deployment. They suggest that shifting focus toward the final mile of implementation will lead to more robust, reliable, and useful systems that actually solve the problems they were designed to address.