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Related Concept Videos

Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification01:26

Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification

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Asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory condition marked by inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of the airways. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among inflammatory pathways, immune responses, and neural mechanisms.
Additionally, environmental and genetic factors play crucial roles in determining an individual's susceptibility to asthma and the severity of their condition.
Critical processes in asthma pathophysiology include:
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Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management01:20

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Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
Asthma is classified as allergic and non-allergic. Allergens such as dust mites, pollen, and pet dander trigger allergic asthma, while factors like cold air, intense emotions, or exercise can induce non-allergic asthma.
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Antiasthma Drugs: Mast Cell Stabilizers and Anti-IgE Drugs01:25

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Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition for which new therapeutic avenues, including anti-inflammatory drugs like mast cell stabilizers and anti-IgE treatments, continue to be developed.
Mast cell stabilizers, such as cromolyn (also known as sodium cromoglycate) and nedocromil (Tilade), are effective drugs in asthma management. These stabilizers hinder histamine release by skillfully obstructing the activation of mast cells and other cellular entities. Notably, they navigate this task without...
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Asthma-I: Introduction01:29

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Asthma is a chronic respiratory ailment that requires careful management due to its varying symptoms and influencing factors. It is characterized by airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction, leading to symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The symptom frequency and intensity may vary considerably over time. It is also linked to immune system responses to allergens and irritants, highlighting the complex...
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Antiasthma Drugs: Inhaled Corticosteroids and Glucocorticoids01:25

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Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are anti-inflammatory drugs used primarily in treating persistent asthma and providing long-term maintenance. They target the bronchial mucosa, the lining of the airways, to control inflammation, a critical factor in asthma progression and exacerbation.
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Drugs Used in Lower Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:17

Drugs Used in Lower Respiratory Disorders: Overview

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Lower respiratory tract disorders present challenges that often require skilled and nuanced approaches for effective management. Common ailments, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), have prompted the development of intricate treatment strategies involving bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs, each tailored to ease breathing and revitalize the lungs.
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Advanced Imaging of Lung Homing Human Lymphocytes in an Experimental In Vivo Model of Allergic Inflammation Based on Light-sheet Microscopy
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Immunologic mechanisms in asthma.

Tadech Boonpiyathad1, Zeynep Celebi Sözener2, Pattraporn Satitsuksanoa3

  • 1Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland; Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.

Seminars in Immunology
|November 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Asthma involves diverse immune responses and phenotypes. Understanding these immunologic mechanisms is key to developing targeted biologic therapies for patients unresponsive to standard treatments.

Keywords:
AllergicAsthmaEosinophilicImmunopathologyMechanismNeutrophilicNonallergicPhenotype

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pulmonology
  • Allergy and Clinical Immunology

Background:

  • Asthma affects over 300 million globally, characterized by chronic airway inflammation and heterogeneity in phenotypes and endotypes.
  • Conventional therapies are insufficient for some patients, necessitating novel biologic treatments targeting specific immune pathways.
  • Understanding asthma's immunopathology is crucial for effective patient management and treatment selection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the immunologic mechanisms underlying diverse asthma phenotypes.
  • To highlight the roles of innate and adaptive immunity in asthma pathogenesis.
  • To discuss the importance of characterizing asthma endotypes for targeted therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on asthma immunopathology.
  • Analysis of cellular and molecular mechanisms driving different asthma phenotypes.
  • Focus on type 2 (eosinophilic) and non-type 2 asthma endotypes.

Main Results:

  • Asthma involves immune activation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and remodeling.
  • Type 2 asthma features T helper type 2 (Th2) cells, ILC2s, IgE-producing B cells, and eosinophils.
  • Non-type 2 asthma encompasses diverse phenotypes like exercise-induced and obesity-induced asthma, often involving neutrophilic inflammation driven by IL-17.

Conclusions:

  • Asthma pathogenesis is heterogeneous, involving complex interactions between immune cells and cytokines.
  • Epithelial cell activation and cytokine release (IL-33, IL-25, TSLP) are critical in asthma development.
  • Characterizing specific asthma phenotypes and endotypes is essential for advancing personalized biologic therapies.