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Related Concept Videos

Laminins are the Adhesive Proteins of Basal Lamina00:55

Laminins are the Adhesive Proteins of Basal Lamina

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Laminins are heterotrimeric proteins with high molecular mass found in the extracellular matrix. Each laminin molecule is composed of three chains, viz. alpha, beta, and gamma, coded by five, four, and three paralogous genes, respectively. Laminins are categories based on the compositions of the three chains.
In humans, the five forms of alpha chains are LAMA 1, LAMA 2, LAMA 3, LAMA 4, and LAMA 5. The four forms of beta chains are LAMB 1, LAMB 2, LAMB 3, and LAMB 4. The three forms of gamma...
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Basal Lamina are the Specialized Form of ECM01:03

Basal Lamina are the Specialized Form of ECM

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The basal lamina is a thin extracellular layer that lies underneath the cells and separates them from other tissues. The three layers of the basal lamina are lamina lucida, lamina densa and lamina reticularis. The basal lamina, a mixture of glycoproteins and collagen, provides an attachment site for the epithelium, separating it from underlying connective tissue. The framework of basal lamina has other essential proteins such as laminins mesh, perlecan, entactin, and type IV collagen.
Proteins...
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Mechanism of Lamellipodia Formation01:31

Mechanism of Lamellipodia Formation

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Cells migrating in response to external stimuli form lamellipodia, which are thin membrane protrusions supported by a mesh of linked, branched, or unbranched actin filaments. These actin filaments interact with myosin motor proteins, creating the dynamic actomyosin complex within the cytoskeleton. Contractility, or the ability to generate contractile stress, is inherent to the actomyosin complex. It helps cells detect the stiffness of the surrounding ECM and exert contractile force for...
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Cellular Differentiation00:57

Cellular Differentiation

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How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
A zygote is a...
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Cadherins in Tissue Organization01:19

Cadherins in Tissue Organization

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The cadherins are a superfamily of cell adhesion molecules comprising over 180 variants, with specific tissues expressing a particular combination of cadherin types. Cadherins generally exhibit homophilic binding; i.e., cadherins on one cell bind to cadherins of the same or closely related type on another cell. Thus, cells of the same type have a specific affinity to bind to each other and sort themselves into clusters to form tissues.
Cell Sorting During Development
Cell sorting plays an...
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Integrins01:10

Integrins

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Animal and protozoan cells do not have cell walls to help maintain shape and provide structural stability. Instead, these eukaryotic cells secrete a sticky mass of carbohydrates and proteins into the spaces between adjacent cells. This network of proteins and molecules is called an extracellular matrix or ECM.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 4, 2026

Generating a Fractal Microstructure of Laminin-111 to Signal to Cells
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Laminins in Cellular Differentiation.

Lynn Yap1, Hwee Goon Tay1, Mien T X Nguyen1

  • 1Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore.

Trends in Cell Biology
|November 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Basement membrane laminins (LNs) are key for stem cell differentiation. These proteins support the development of various cell types, enabling reproducible and xeno-free methods for therapeutic applications.

Keywords:
cell differentiationdopamine neuronsheart muscle regenerationlamininphotoreceptorspluripotent stem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Basement membrane laminins (LNs) regulate cellular behavior and differentiation.
  • Mammals possess at least 16 distinct laminin isoforms, many available as recombinant proteins.
  • Laminins are crucial components of the extracellular matrix, influencing cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in utilizing laminin-based matrices for stem cell differentiation.
  • To highlight the role of specific laminin isoforms in supporting stem cell expansion and directed differentiation.
  • To emphasize the potential of laminin-supported methods for generating therapeutic cells.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing recombinant laminin proteins, including ubiquitous LN511 and LN521, as cell culture substrates.
  • Employing cell type-specific laminins to guide stem cell differentiation into various lineages.
  • Developing chemically defined and xeno-free culture conditions.

Main Results:

  • Ubiquitous laminins (LN511, LN521) effectively support pluripotent embryonic stem cell (ESC) derivation and expansion.
  • Specific laminins facilitate differentiation of stem cells into cardiac muscle, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), photoreceptors, dopamine (DA) neurons, and skin keratinocytes.
  • Laminin-supported differentiation protocols demonstrate high reproducibility and scalability.

Conclusions:

  • Laminin-based matrices are powerful tools for controlled stem cell differentiation.
  • These methods offer a clear path towards generating clinical-grade, xeno-free cells for therapeutic use.
  • Further research into laminin isoform-specific functions will advance stem cell applications.