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Complete Human Penile Scaffold for Composite Tissue Engineering: Organ Decellularization and Characterization.

Yu Tan1,2, Wilmina N Landford1,2, Matthew Garza1,2

  • 1Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA.

Scientific Reports
|November 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel decellularization protocol for whole human penises, creating a viable tissue engineering scaffold. This innovative approach preserves extracellular matrix and growth factors, paving the way for functional penile reconstruction.

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Area of Science:

  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Urology

Background:

  • Reconstructing total penile defects is challenging due to anatomical complexity.
  • Current methods have high complication rates and suboptimal functional outcomes.
  • There is a need for advanced solutions for penile tissue engineering.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop the first decellularization protocol for whole-organ human penile specimens.
  • To create a full-size, biocompatible scaffold for penile tissue engineering.
  • To assess the scaffold's potential for restoring penile function.

Main Methods:

  • A hybrid decellularization scheme using micro-arterial perfusion, urethral catheter perfusion, and external diffusion.
  • Assessment of decellularization completeness via H&E, immunohistochemistry, and DNA quantification.
  • Evaluation of extracellular matrix (ECM) integrity, protein preservation, and growth factor retention.
  • Testing scaffold biocompatibility and cellular response using human adipose-derived stromal vascular cells.

Main Results:

  • Successful creation of a full-size penile scaffold with removal of immunogenic components.
  • Complete decellularization confirmed with preserved ECM architecture and key proteins (collagen-1, laminin, fibronectin).
  • Significant retention of growth factors: VEGF (45%), EGF (57%), TGF-beta1 (42%).
  • Demonstrated patency of cavernosal arteries post-decellularization.
  • Scaffold supported survival and expansion of stromal vascular cells, promoting specific cellular behaviors and regional tropism.

Conclusions:

  • Successful decellularization of the complete human phallus provides a foundational step for penile tissue engineering.
  • The developed scaffold maintains structural integrity and biological cues necessary for cell integration.
  • This approach holds promise for future restoration of cosmetic, urinary, and sexual function after total penile loss.