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Related Concept Videos

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)01:27

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

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The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) serves as the primary classification system for mental health disorders, providing standardized diagnostic criteria for clinicians and researchers. First published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1952, the DSM has undergone several revisions to reflect evolving psychiatric understanding. The fifth edition, DSM-5, released in 2013, introduced key updates that expanded diagnostic categories and modified diagnostic...
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Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorder01:29

Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorder

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The development of psychological disorders, which are characterized by deviant, maladaptive, and personally distressing behaviors, has been explored through several theoretical approaches.
Biological approach
The biological approach posits that internal, organic factors are the primary causes of such disorders. This perspective emphasizes brain structure and function, genetic predispositions, and neurotransmitter imbalances. For example, schizophrenia has been associated with both genetic...
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Introduction to Psychological Disorders01:19

Introduction to Psychological Disorders

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Abnormal behavior, often referred to as mental illness, results from changes in brain function that influence thought patterns, behaviors, and social interactions. Psychologists and psychiatrists typically assess abnormal behavior using three primary criteria: deviance, maladaptation, and personal distress, particularly when these traits persist over long periods.
Deviant Behavior
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Classification of Illness01:17

Classification of Illness

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The meaning of illness is individualized to each person who experiences an alteration in health. In contrast, disease is a medical term indicating a pathological change in the structure and function of the body or mind. It is a condition that has specific symptoms and boundaries.
An illness is a response to a disease in which the person's level of functioning is changed compared with a previous level. The general classification of illness includes acute and chronic.
Acute illness is severe...
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Treatment Strategies for Psychological Disorders01:24

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Treatment approaches for psychological disorders fall into three main categories: psychological, biological, and sociocultural. Each approach targets different aspects of mental health, requiring varying levels of education and training.
Psychological therapies focus on modifying emotions, thoughts, and behaviors through talking, interpreting, listening, rewarding, challenging, and modeling. Clinical psychologists, counselors, and social workers commonly practice psychotherapy. Clinical...
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Anxiety: Overview01:18

Anxiety: Overview

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Anxiety is a common mental disorder featuring excessive worry, fear, and apprehension, significantly affecting daily life. People with anxiety disorders experience persistent and intense anxiety, interrupting their everyday functioning.
Individuals with anxiety often experience a range of physical and emotional symptoms, including sweating, trembling, tachycardia, and disturbances in sleep patterns. These symptoms vary in intensity and frequency but are generally disruptive and distressing.
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Classification of Psychiatric Disorders.

Yong-Ku Kim1, Seon-Cheol Park2

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 516, Gojan-dong, 425-707, Ansan, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|November 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Psychiatric diagnostic systems have evolved from psychoanalytic theories to empirical, biomedical approaches. The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) aim to integrate neurobiology and genetics, but limitations persist in current diagnostic classifications.

Keywords:
Categorical approachDSMDimensional approachPsychiatric diagnosisResearch domain criteria (RDoC)

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Neuroscience
  • Medical History

Background:

  • The link between psychiatric diagnoses and neurobiological findings remains poor, complicating mental disorder classification.
  • Historical psychiatric diagnostic systems, like the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-I and DSM-II, were rooted in psychoanalytic theory.
  • The anti-psychiatry movement and the Rosenhan experiment challenged earlier diagnostic approaches, leading to a shift towards empiricism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the historical evolution of psychiatric diagnostic systems, focusing on the shift towards empiricism and biomedicine.
  • To introduce the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) as a framework for integrating genetic, neurobiological, and behavioral components.
  • To discuss the limitations of categorical approaches and the attempted, yet frustrated, adoption of dimensional approaches in DSM-5.

Main Methods:

  • Historical analysis of psychiatric diagnostic manuals (DSM-I through DSM-5).
  • Review of theoretical underpinnings and empirical influences on diagnostic classification.
  • Examination of the conceptual shift towards integrating neurobiological and genetic data, including the development of RDoC.

Main Results:

  • Psychiatric diagnosis has evolved through "practical conservatism," moving from psychoanalytic foundations to DSM-III's empiricism and alignment with biomedicine.
  • DSM-IV continued the empirical trend, while DSM-5 introduced diagnostic rearrangements and a partial dimensional approach.
  • The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) were established to address limitations of current systems by integrating diverse biological and behavioral data.

Conclusions:

  • Current psychiatric diagnostic systems face challenges due to the weak link with neurobiology, despite historical shifts towards empiricism.
  • The RDoC framework represents an effort to bridge the gap between clinical diagnosis and neurobiological underpinnings.
  • Future psychiatric classification may benefit from dimensional approaches and further integration of multi-level data, though this remains a challenge.