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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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Live Cell Imaging of Early Autophagy Events: Omegasomes and Beyond
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Autophagosome Biogenesis Machinery.

Simon A Walker1, Nicholas T Ktistakis1

  • 1Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK.

Journal of Molecular Biology
|November 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review details the early steps of autophagosome formation, a crucial cellular process conserved across species. Understanding autophagy dynamics, including selective mitophagy, may aid in developing new treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.

Keywords:
AutophagosomesMitophagyULK complexVPS34 complexmTOR

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Autophagosome formation is a fundamental cellular process.
  • The early stages involve pathway activation and machinery assembly.
  • Autophagy is conserved across species and cell types, including neurons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on autophagosome formation.
  • To emphasize the early steps of the autophagy pathway.
  • To explore the dynamics of selective and nonselective autophagy, including mitophagy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current scientific knowledge.
  • Analysis of spatial and temporal coordination in autophagy.
  • Comparison of nonselective and selective autophagy (mitophagy) dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Autophagosome formation is a highly coordinated process.
  • The autophagy pathway is conserved across diverse organisms and cell types.
  • Selective autophagy, particularly mitophagy, shares dynamics with nonselective autophagy.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding autophagosome formation is key to cellular health.
  • Knowledge of autophagy dynamics can inform therapeutic strategies.
  • Further research into selective autophagy may yield novel treatments for neurodegeneration.