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Related Concept Videos

Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions01:21

Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions

295
In cold weather, masonry construction requires specific precautions to ensure mortar does not freeze before curing, as this can significantly weaken its strength and watertightness. Mortar temperature should be maintained between 60°F and 80°F to support proper hydration and curing. Below 40°F, mortar water must be heated, but should not exceed 120°F as high temperatures can reduce mortar's compressive and bond strength.
Other key practices include keeping masonry units...
295
Mortar Properties01:17

Mortar Properties

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Mortar properties encompass a range of characteristics crucial for construction and masonry work, including workability, water retention, bond strength, durability, compressive strength, volume change, and appearance. Workability refers to mortar's ability to be easily applied and manipulated without sagging or falling off surfaces, which is important for efficient masonry unit placement and alignment. Water retention is essential to prevent the mortar from losing moisture too quickly to...
383
Porosity in Cement Paste01:18

Porosity in Cement Paste

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The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is...
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Mass Concreting01:22

Mass Concreting

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Mass concreting refers to the process of placing large volumes of concrete, such as in gravity dams. The heat generated during the cement hydration process and differential cooling rates within the concrete mass can lead to a temperature gradient, which can result in thermal cracks in the concrete mass.
To reduce the risk of such cracking, the concrete mix may incorporate low-heat cement and pozzolans to reduce the temperature rise. Pre-cooled angular aggregates and water-reducing admixtures...
272
Hot Weather Concreting01:20

Hot Weather Concreting

267
Concreting at elevated temperatures accelerates the hydration process, leading to quicker setting but potentially reducing the long-term strength of the concrete structure. Additionally, low air humidity fosters rapid moisture loss from the concrete, resulting in reduced workability, pronounced plastic shrinkage, and a higher likelihood of crazing.
Mitigating the heat increase in concrete can be economically achieved by shading aggregate stockpiles to prevent heating from solar radiation,...
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Cold Weather Concreting01:27

Cold Weather Concreting

308
When freshly poured concrete is exposed to freezing temperatures before it has set, the water within the concrete can freeze. This expansion disrupts the setting process, delays chemical reactions necessary for hardening, and increases the volume of pores within the hardened concrete, which weakens its overall structure. If the concrete manages to reach an appreciable strength before it freezes, the damage can be somewhat mitigated.
To counteract the negative impacts of cold weather, ensuring...
308

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Related Experiment Video

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Quasistatic Mechanical Testing for Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing Occlusal Veneers Cemented to Milled Dentin Analog Material
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Temperature changes on the root surface during application of warm vertical compaction using three different

Christian Diegritz1, Oliver Gerlitzki2,3, Christina Fotiadou2

  • 1Department of Conservative Dentistry and Peridontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Goethestr. 70, 80336, Munich, Germany. diegritz@dent.med.uni-muenchen.de.

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PubMed
Summary

Different obturation systems cause varying root surface temperature increases during warm vertical compaction. This variability is crucial for endodontic procedure safety and efficacy.

Keywords:
Continuous wave of condensationGutta-perchaInfrared thermographyRoot canal obturationRoot surface temperature

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Area of Science:

  • Endodontics
  • Dental Materials Science
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Warm vertical compaction is a common root canal filling technique.
  • Ensuring root surface integrity during thermal procedures is critical.
  • Variability in heat generation among obturation systems necessitates investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the root surface temperature increase generated by three distinct warm vertical compaction obturation systems.
  • To evaluate the influence of different obturation systems on root surface temperature.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 45 human single-rooted premolars, randomly allocated to three groups (n=15 each).
  • Employed System B, Elements Obturation Unit, and B&L SuperEndo Alpha II for obturation.
  • Measured root surface temperature using an infrared camera at 3 seconds (T0) and 1 minute (T1) post-heat application at 200°C.

Main Results:

  • Initial temperatures (T0) ranged from 48.1°C to 84°C, varying significantly between systems (p=0.001).
  • Demonstrated considerable variability in temperature increase on the root surface based on the obturation system used.

Conclusions:

  • The choice of obturation system significantly impacts root surface temperature during warm vertical compaction.
  • Clinicians should be aware of system-specific thermal effects to optimize endodontic outcomes and prevent thermal injury.