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Related Concept Videos

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria01:07

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Ladder diagrams are useful for evaluating equilibria involving metal-ligand complexes. The vertical scale of the ladder diagram represents the concentration of unreacted or free ligand, pL. The horizontal lines on the scale depict the log of stepwise formation constants for metal-ligand complexes and indicate the dominant species in all the regions.
The formation constant, K1, for the formation of Cd(NH3)2+ complex from cadmium and ammonia is 3.55 × 102. Log K1 (i.e. pNH3) is 2.55, and...
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Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

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For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
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Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Structural Isomerism

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Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 4, 2026

Synthesis of a Thiol Building Block for the Crystallization of a Semiconducting Gyroidal Metal-sulfur Framework
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One-dimensional ladder gallium coordination polymer.

Andrea B Simões1, Flávio Figueira1, Ricardo F Mendes1

  • 1CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic Communications
|November 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers synthesized a novel 1D ladder-type gallium coordination polymer using pyrazole-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. Different synthesis methods allowed fine-tuning of crystallite size and structure.

Keywords:
coordination polymerscrystal structuregallium

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Coordination polymers offer tunable structures and properties.
  • Gallium(III) coordination chemistry is less explored than other metal ions.
  • Pyrazole-based ligands are versatile building blocks for metal-organic frameworks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a novel 1D ladder-type coordination polymer of Gallium(III).
  • To investigate the influence of different synthesis methods on the resulting material.
  • To elucidate the structural features and supramolecular interactions within the polymer.

Main Methods:

  • Hydrothermal (HT) synthesis
  • Microwave-assisted (MWAS) synthesis
  • One-pot (OP) synthesis
  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction

Main Results:

  • A 1D ladder-type coordination polymer, [Ga(HPDC)(OH)(H2O)], was successfully synthesized.
  • Three distinct methods (HT, MWAS, OP) yielded the target compound, allowing for crystallite size control.
  • The structure features dimeric Ga(III) units bridged by hydroxide and linked by pyrazole-3,5-dicarboxylate (HPDC) ligands.
  • Supramolecular assembly is governed by O-H...O and N-H...O hydrogen bonds.

Conclusions:

  • The study presents a new gallium(III) coordination polymer with a unique 1D ladder structure.
  • Synthesis method significantly impacts crystallite size, offering a route for materials tuning.
  • The intricate hydrogen-bonding network plays a crucial role in the overall structural stability and packing.