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Flame Photometry: Lab01:16

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In a flame photometer, when a solution like potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind dehydrated salt. This salt dissociates into free gaseous atoms in their ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame, leading to their excitation. The excited atoms return to the ground state, emitting photons at characteristic wavelengths. Because only electronic transitions are involved, the resulting emission lines are very narrow. The intensity...
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Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the decreasing gravitational force per unit area as we move away from the surface of the earth.
Assuming the air temperature is constant at a given altitude and that the ideal gas law of thermodynamics describes the atmosphere to a good approximation, one can find the variation of atmospheric pressure with height.
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Flame photometry, also known as flame emission spectrometry, is a technique used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements present in a sample using a flame as the source of excitation energy. The concept of flame photometry was realized in the early 1860s by Kirchhoff and Bunsen, who discovered that specific elements emit characteristic radiation when excited in flames. The first instrument developed for this purpose was used to measure sodium (Na) in plant ash using a Bunsen...
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Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

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Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
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Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
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Venus Atmospheric Composition in situ Data: A Compilation.

Natasha M Johnson1, Marta R R de Oliveira2

  • 1Astrochemistry Laboratory, Code 691, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, USA.

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|November 12, 2019
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Summary

This study compiles Venus atmospheric data, including in situ measurements, to create a comprehensive reference. It addresses the need for accessible, reliable information on Venus

Keywords:
Venusatmospherein situ dataisotopesnoble gasesreactive gases

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Area of Science:

  • Planetary Science
  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Venus Exploration

Background:

  • Limited and scattered data on Venus' atmospheric composition and chemistry hinders research.
  • Existing measurements vary in resolution, error margins, and are subject to reinterpretation.
  • A centralized, reliable data source is crucial for advancing Venus science.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compile and present an extensive collection of published in situ data for Venus' atmospheric composition.
  • To include remotely gathered, extrapolated, and modeled data for the lower atmosphere.
  • To serve as a quick and comprehensive reference for Venus atmosphere measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Compilation of published in situ measurements of Venus' atmospheric composition.
  • Inclusion of remote sensing data and modeled/extrapolated data for the lower atmosphere.
  • Organization of data into categories: noble gases, reactive gases, and isotopes.

Main Results:

  • A comprehensive dataset of Venus atmospheric composition measurements is presented.
  • Data includes measurements, error margins, techniques, altitudes, instruments, missions, and references.
  • The compilation provides a unified view of available atmospheric data.

Conclusions:

  • This paper offers a valuable, consolidated reference for Venus atmospheric data.
  • The compiled data supports ongoing and future Venus atmospheric research.
  • Facilitates a better understanding of Venus' atmospheric composition and chemistry.