Integrating ionic liquids with molecular imprinting technology for biorecognition and biosensing: A review

As promising alternatives to natural receptors, artificial molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have received great attention in biotechnology. Nevertheless, some bottlenecks limit their further development, including low adsorption capacity, poor recognition efficiency, slow response, and insipid aqueous compatibility. Ionic liquids (ILs) show the features of tailored structures and properties, high conductivity, good solubility, and excellent stability. Because of these advantages, they have found intensive use in MIPs by remedying the latter's shortcomings. In this review, we summarize the integration of ILs and MIPs for biorecognition and biosensing. The versatile roles of ILs in improving the performance of MIPs are firstly summarized, including serving as solvents, porogens, functional monomers, organic surface modifiers, dummy templates, and cross-linkers. Then, specific applications of IL-based MIPs in peptide recognition, protein sensing, and food safety analysis are discussed. Finally, future trends and challenges for the design and development of IL-based MIPs and their applications in the biorecognition and biosensing are proposed.