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Related Concept Videos

Physiological Foundation of Stress01:24

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Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
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The stress response system, also known as the fight-or-flight response, is the body's automatic physiological reaction to perceived threats. Hans Selye introduced the concept of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) to describe the predictable pattern of changes that occur in response to stress. GAS consists of three sequential stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. This model helps explain how chronic stress can contribute to health problems.
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When a force is applied on a body, it undergoes deformation. In order to restore the body to its original shape and/or size, an opposite or restoring force is generated within the body. This restoring force is equal to the magnitude of the applied force, but acts in the opposite direction. The amount of this restoring force developed per unit area of the body is called stress. Stress is a tensor quantity and has the SI unit pascal. Stress can be separated into four broad categories depending...
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Consider a structure made of a boom and a rod designed to support a load. These two components are connected by a pin and stabilized by brackets and pins. The boom and the rod are detached from their supports to assess the different stresses imposed on this structure, and a free-body diagram is drawn. Then, all the forces applied, including the load acting on the structure, are identified. The reaction forces exerted on both the boom and the rod are computed using the equilibrium equations.
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Prefrontal cortex interneurons display dynamic sex-specific stress-induced transcriptomes.

Matthew J Girgenti1, Eric S Wohleb1,2, Sameet Mehta3

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibitory interneurons regulate prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity, crucial for cognition.
  • Subtypes of PFC interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST), are implicated in stress-induced depressive behaviors.
  • Sex differences in SST interneuron abnormalities may contribute to higher depression rates in women.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the transcriptional profiles of GABA interneuron subtypes in the PFC.
  • To determine the effects of chronic stress on these interneurons, with a focus on sex-specific differences.
  • To explore the role of SST interneurons in stress-induced depressive-like behaviors.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Sst- and Parvalbumin-fluorescence tagged reporter mice.
  • Employed fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and RNA sequencing.
  • Analyzed transcriptional profiles and effects of chronic stress on medial PFC interneuron subtypes.

Main Results:

  • Identified distinct transcriptome profiles for Sst and Parvalbumin interneurons in the medial PFC.
  • Chronic stress significantly dysregulated pathways in Sst interneurons, with notable sex-specific differences.
  • Males showed decreased elongation initiation factor 2 (EIF2) signaling, while females exhibited altered growth factor signaling pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Dysfunction in the translational machinery of SST interneurons, indicated by EIF2 signaling changes, may be critical for male depressive-like behaviors under stress.
  • Stress-induced alterations in SST interneurons differ between sexes, suggesting distinct molecular mechanisms.
  • These findings highlight sex-specific vulnerabilities in the neurobiology of stress and depression.