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Cardiac auscultation: Using physiologic maneuvers to further identify heart murmurs
David J Klocko1, Christopher Hanifin
1David J. Klocko is an associate professor and academic coordinator in the PA program at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. Christopher Hanifin is an assistant professor and department chair of the PA program at Seton Hall University in South Orange, N.J. The authors have disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise.
Abstract:
Auscultation of heart sounds and murmurs often is taught in a simulated environment with optimal listening conditions. Clinicians' auscultation skills can wither if they do not have contact with patients with valvular heart disease during clinical practice, or if they rely on handheld ultrasound devices or echocardiography. This article reviews heart murmurs and how to use physiologic maneuvers during the cardiac examination to assist in identifying murmurs.
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