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Related Concept Videos

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes01:19

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

1.8K
Reference electrodes serve as a stable reference point for potentiometric measurements, while indicator and working electrodes react to variations in the composition of a solution.
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is a widely used reference electrode that maintains zero potential across all temperatures. However, its need for a continuous hydrogen gas supply renders it impractical for everyday use.
An alternative to SHE is the Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE). This electrode features an...
1.8K
Electrodes: Overview01:17

Electrodes: Overview

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 Electrochemical measurements are conducted in an electrochemical cell composed of various components that control and measure the current and potential. One fundamental component is electrodes, conductive materials that enable electron transfer reactions at their surfaces.
There are two main types of electrodes in electrochemical cells. The first type, known as the working or indicator electrode, has a potential that is sensitive to the analyte's concentration and reacts to changes in...
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Standard Electrode Potentials03:02

Standard Electrode Potentials

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On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
49.5K
Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods01:17

Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods

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Controlled-potential coulometry, also known as potentiostatic coulometry, employs a three-electrode system in which the working electrode's potential is precisely regulated using a potentiostat. Platinum working electrodes are utilized for positive potentials, while mercury pool electrodes are favored for extremely negative potentials. The platinum counter electrode is separated from the analyte using a membrane or salt bridge to avoid interference in the analysis.
The chosen potential...
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Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

1.2K
In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...
1.2K
Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes01:15

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes

1.5K
Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at...
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In Situ Lithiated Reference Electrode: Four Electrode Design for In-operando Impedance Spectroscopy
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A Solid-State Reference Electrode Based on a Self-Referencing Pulstrode.

Wenyue Gao1,2, Elena Zdrachek1, Xiaojiang Xie2

  • 1Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|November 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel solid-state reference electrode uses pulse control with an Ag/AgI element for reproducible potential measurements. This innovation enables miniature, cost-effective electrochemical sensors and potassium detection.

Keywords:
electrochemical sensorspotentialpulstrodereference electrodesilver iodide

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Sensor Technology

Background:

  • Miniature and cost-effective electrochemical sensors require solid-state reference electrodes without liquid junctions.
  • Existing reference electrodes often rely on liquid junctions, limiting miniaturization and increasing costs.
  • Developing reliable solid-state reference electrodes is crucial for advancing portable and implantable electrochemical devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and demonstrate a novel solid-state reference electrode utilizing pulse control.
  • To achieve reproducible reference potential measurements without a liquid junction.
  • To validate the electrode's performance in a complete solid-state sensor configuration for ion detection.

Main Methods:

  • An Ag/AgI element was employed as the solid-state reference electrode.
  • A cathodic current pulse was used for local iodide release, followed by electromotive force (EMF) measurement.
  • Potentiostatic control facilitated iodide ion recapture, enabling intermittent potential readings.
  • The extended Debye-Hückel equation was used to model the influence of ionic strength on iodide activity.

Main Results:

  • The developed solid-state reference electrode demonstrated high reproducibility, with intermittent potential values reproducible to less than one millivolt (SD=0.27 mV, n=50).
  • The influence of ionic strength on the activity coefficient of released iodide was accurately predicted by the extended Debye-Hückel equation.
  • The electrode principle was successfully applied to potentiometric potassium detection using a valinomycin-based ion-selective electrode (ISE).

Conclusions:

  • A reliable and reproducible solid-state reference electrode has been successfully developed using a pulse-controlled Ag/AgI element.
  • This technology eliminates the need for liquid junctions, paving the way for miniature and cost-effective electrochemical sensors.
  • The demonstrated application in potassium detection highlights the potential of this solid-state reference electrode for various potentiometric sensing applications.