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Food Allergies and Ageing.

Massimo De Martinis1,2, Maria Maddalena Sirufo1,2, Angelo Viscido3

  • 1Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.

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Food allergies (FAs) are increasingly affecting the elderly due to aging immune system changes and impaired gut barrier function. Understanding these age-related immunologic aspects is crucial for diagnosing and managing FAs in older adults.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Gerontology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Global increase in population survival and elderly population.
  • Rising incidence of allergic reactions, including food allergies (FAs), worldwide.
  • Previously considered a pediatric issue, FAs are now increasingly recognized in the elderly population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the immunologic aspects of aging in relation to food allergies.
  • To understand the distinct food allergy phenotypes in the elderly.
  • To identify factors contributing to increased susceptibility to FAs in older adults.

Main Methods:

  • Review of physiological changes of aging impacting immune system and gut barrier.
  • Analysis of adaptive and innate immune cell functions in the elderly.
  • Examination of age-related changes in gut microbiota and cytokine profiles.

Main Results:

  • Elderly exhibit distinct FA phenotypes, complicated by co-morbidities and diagnostic challenges.
  • Susceptibility factors include physiological aging, impaired gut barrier, Th2 skewing, immune cell dysregulation, and altered gut microbiota.
  • Increased pro-inflammatory status with aging, yet also elevated IgE and Th2 cytokines observed.

Conclusions:

  • Aging involves immune system remodeling, increasing susceptibility to FAs.
  • Dysfunctional immune cells (dendritic cells, T regulatory cells) and altered gut immunity contribute to FA development in the elderly.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the complex interplay of aging and food allergies.