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Nitrosative Stress in Retinal Pathologies: Review.

Antolin Cantó1, Teresa Olivar1, Francisco Javier Romero2

  • 1Departamento Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 64315 Valencia, Spain.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Nitric oxide (NO) plays a dual role in vision, aiding normal function but also causing oxidative damage in the retina. This review explores NO

Keywords:
age related macular degenerationdiabetesglaucomanitric oxidenitric oxide synthaseperoxynitriteretinaretinitis pigmentosa

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Nitric oxide (NO) is a crucial signaling molecule in the eye, regulating visual function and retinal blood flow.
  • The retina's lipid-rich membranes are vulnerable to oxidative damage from NO byproducts like peroxynitrite.
  • Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species can harm retinal biomolecules, potentially causing cell death.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted role of nitric oxide (NO) in ocular health and disease.
  • To examine the detrimental effects of NO-derived reactive species on retinal tissues.
  • To discuss NO's involvement in specific retinal pathologies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific articles on nitric oxide in ocular physiology and pathology.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the biochemical mechanisms of NO action and damage in the retina.
  • Synthesis of findings related to NO's role in diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma, and AMD.

Main Results:

  • Nitric oxide (NO) is essential for photoreceptor function and regulating retinal hemodynamics.
  • NO byproducts, such as dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3) and peroxynitrite, exert significant oxidative stress on retinal cells.
  • These reactive species can damage lipids, proteins, and DNA, contributing to retinal degeneration.

Conclusions:

  • Nitric oxide (NO) has a complex role in the eye, balancing physiological benefits with potential for oxidative harm.
  • Understanding NO's dual action is critical for developing therapeutic strategies for retinal diseases.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate NO's precise involvement in conditions like diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma, and AMD.