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Updated: Jan 4, 2026

A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes

A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes

Published on: December 8, 2014

Gender differences in nonlinear motor performance following concussion.

Breanna E Studenka¹, Adam Raikes¹

¹Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.

Journal of Sport and Health Science

|November 14, 2019

Summary

Females with multiple concussions show altered motor control. This study found lower regularity (SampEn) in their visual-motor tracking, indicating persistent impairments in visual processing and predictive motor control.

Keywords:

Average power Concussion Isometric motor control Nonlinear analyses Sample entropy Visual-motor processing

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A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion

A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion

Published on: September 25, 2014

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Rehabilitation Medicine
Human Performance

Background:

Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), commonly known as concussion, can lead to persistent neurological deficits.
Assessing nonlinear dynamics in motor control offers a sensitive method to detect subtle post-concussion impairments.
Sex-based differences in concussion recovery and symptomology are increasingly recognized.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate sex-specific differences in nonlinear performance measures during a visual-motor tracking task.
To compare individuals with and without a history of mild TBI (concussion).
To quantify nonlinear aspects of force output in a seated visual-motor tracking task.

Main Methods:

Seventy-three individuals with a concussion history and 75 without completed a seated visual-motor tracking task.
Participants applied force with their index finger while tracing a line on a screen.
Calculated metrics included root-mean-square error (RMSE), sample entropy (SampEn), and average power (AvP) in the 0-12 Hz range.

Main Results:

Males with 0-1 concussion had higher RMSE (worse performance) than females.
Females with 2+ concussions showed significantly lower SampEn compared to females with 0 or 1 concussion.
Females with 2+ concussions exhibited lower 8-12 Hz AvP than males with 2+ concussions.

Conclusions:

Multiple concussions in females are associated with reduced regularity (SampEn) in motor control output.
Lower SampEn and reduced 8-12 Hz power suggest persistent deficits in visual processing and predictive motor control.
Findings highlight potential sex-specific impacts of concussion on sensorimotor integration.