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Related Concept Videos

Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Gastrulation01:56

Gastrulation

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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into ...
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Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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Determination01:51

Determination

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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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An Explant Assay for Assessing Cellular Behavior of the Cranial Mesenchyme
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Vertebrate cranial mesoderm: developmental trajectory and evolutionary origin.

Bhakti Vyas1,2, Nitya Nandkishore1,3, Ramkumar Sambasivan4

  • 1Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560065, India.

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS
|November 14, 2019
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Summary

Vertebrate cranial mesoderm, a unique developmental unit, contributes to both the heart and craniofacial muscles. New research suggests cranial and posterior mesoderm diverge early in development, impacting evolutionary origins.

Keywords:
Cardiopharyngeal fieldHead mesodermHead musclesMesoderm developmentVertebrate head evolution

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Vertebrate cranial mesoderm is a distinct developmental unit with a unique progenitor pool.
  • This progenitor pool contributes to both the chambered heart and craniofacial skeletal muscles.
  • Understanding the developmental mechanisms and origins of cranial mesoderm is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a detailed view of the ontogenetic trajectory of cranial mesoderm.
  • To explore the regulatory network governing cranial mesoderm development.
  • To discuss the evolutionary origin of cranial mesoderm based on emerging evidence.

Main Methods:

  • Review of contemporary research findings on cranial mesoderm development.
  • Analysis of the ontogenetic trajectory and regulatory network.
  • Integration of evidence to propose divergence points in mesoderm patterning.

Main Results:

  • Cranial mesoderm possesses a unique developmental potential, contributing to diverse structures.
  • Evidence suggests cranial and posterior mesoderm diverge at the earliest patterning stage.
  • This divergence influences the anterior-posterior axis patterning of the mesoderm germ layer.

Conclusions:

  • Cranial mesoderm's distinct characteristics stem from early divergence in mesoderm patterning.
  • Contemporary research provides a foundation for investigating the molecular basis of its unique potential.
  • Further studies can elucidate the evolutionary origins and developmental mechanisms of cranial mesoderm.