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Related Concept Videos

Multi-Step Reactions02:31

Multi-Step Reactions

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Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs. Each of the steps in a reaction mechanism is called an elementary reaction. These...
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Chemical Reactions02:26

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A balanced chemical equation provides the information of chemical formulas of the reactants and products involved in the chemical change. A reaction’s stoichiometry helps predict how much of the reactant is needed to produce the desired amount of product, or in some cases, how much product will be formed from a specific amount of the reactant.
The relative amounts of reactants and products represented in a balanced chemical equation are often referred to as stoichiometric amounts. However, in...
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Chemical Reactions01:19

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A chemical reaction is a process by which the bonds in the atoms of substances are rearranged to generate new substances. Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction—the same type and number of atoms that make up the reactants are still present in the products. Merely, the rearrangement of chemical bonds produces new compounds.
Chemical Reactions Rearrange Atoms into New Substances
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Reaction Rate02:53

Reaction Rate

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The rate of reaction is the change in the amount of a reactant or product per unit time. Reaction rates are therefore determined by measuring the time dependence of some property that can be related to reactant or product amounts. Rates of reactions that consume or produce gaseous substances, for example, are conveniently determined by measuring changes in volume or pressure.
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The Integrated Rate Law: The Dependence of Concentration on Time02:39

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While the differential rate law relates the rate and concentrations of reactants, a second form of rate law called the integrated rate law relates concentrations of reactants and time. Integrated rate laws can be used to determine the amount of reactant or product present after a period of time or to estimate the time required for a reaction to proceed to a certain extent. For example, an integrated rate law helps determine the length of time a radioactive material must be stored for its...
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Rate-Determining Steps03:08

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Relating Reaction Mechanisms
In a multistep reaction mechanism, one of the elementary steps progresses significantly slower than the others. This slowest step is called the rate-limiting step (or rate-determining step). A reaction cannot proceed faster than its slowest step, and hence, the rate-determining step limits the overall reaction rate.
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A Scalable Balz-Schiemann Reaction Protocol in a Continuous Flow Reactor
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Composable Rate-Independent Computation in Continuous Chemical Reaction Networks.

Cameron Chalk, Niels Kornerup, Wyatt Reeves

    IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics
    |November 15, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study explores chemical reaction networks (CRNs) for molecular computing. Rate-independent and composable CRNs require specific design rules, limiting computable functions without advanced input/output encoding.

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    Area of Science:

    • Synthetic biology
    • Molecular computing
    • Chemical kinetics

    Background:

    • Biological systems process information via chemical interactions.
    • Engineering molecular computing systems using chemical reaction networks (CRNs) is a key challenge.
    • CRNs model chemical interactions for computational analysis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate function computation using rate-independent and composable CRNs.
    • To identify design principles for constructing such CRNs.
    • To characterize the computational capabilities of these systems.

    Main Methods:

    • Focus on CRNs where initial concentrations are inputs and equilibrium concentrations are outputs.
    • Analyze rate-independent CRNs (computation independent of reaction rates).
    • Analyze composable CRNs (computations can be concatenated).

    Main Results:

    • A necessary and sufficient condition for composable, rate-independent CRNs is that output species are not reactants within their module.
    • Functions computable by such CRNs are characterized as superadditive, positive-continuous, and piecewise rational linear.
    • Composability significantly restricts rate-independent computation capabilities.

    Conclusions:

    • Specific structural constraints are required for composable, rate-independent CRNs.
    • The class of computable functions is mathematically characterized.
    • Advanced input/output encoding strategies are needed to expand computational power.