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Mutations01:35

Mutations

42.6K
Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
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Mutations01:39

Mutations

94.2K
Overview
94.2K
Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

4.0K
The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
4.0K
Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

5.6K
Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
5.6K
Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis01:23

Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis

7.4K
The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of vitamin D, a vital nutrient for various physiological processes in the body. Vitamin D is unique because it can be synthesized in the skin through a series of chemical reactions triggered by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight.
The solar UV B rays (290-315 nm) are absorbed by the skin, and 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3) photolyzes it to previtamin D3, which undergoes a rapid transformation to vitamin...
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Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

Nucleotide Excision Repair

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DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Studying Chronic Exposure of Mice to Ultraviolet B Radiation
03:20

Studying Chronic Exposure of Mice to Ultraviolet B Radiation

Published on: August 19, 2025

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Sun Exposure: Beyond the Risks.

Catarina Soares Queirós1, João Pedro Freitas1

  • 1Serviço de Dermatologia do Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal.

Dermatology Practical & Conceptual
|November 15, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Regular sun exposure offers health benefits, potentially preventing various cancers and diseases like hypertension and diabetes. However, excessive solar radiation poses risks, highlighting the need for moderation, not total avoidance.

Keywords:
nitric oxideskin neoplasmssunvitamin D

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology and Public Health
  • Environmental Medicine
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Excessive solar exposure is a primary risk factor for skin cancer.
  • Emerging research suggests potential benefits of regular sun exposure for various health conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the dual role of solar exposure in health and disease.
  • To explore the mechanisms and conditions linked to beneficial solar radiation effects.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on solar exposure, UV radiation, and health outcomes.
  • Analysis of proposed mediating factors like Vitamin D and nitric oxide.

Main Results:

  • Solar radiation is linked to skin cancer risk.
  • Regular, moderate sun exposure may aid in preventing or managing colorectal, breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancers, among other conditions.
  • Benefits are often mediated by Vitamin D, but other factors like nitric oxide are also implicated.

Conclusions:

  • A balanced approach to sun exposure is crucial.
  • Strict sun avoidance may negate potential health benefits and is not universally advisable.