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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV01:26

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

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Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

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Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis V01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

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Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the...
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Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Tuberculosis-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.

Massimiliano Lanzafame1, Sandro Vento2

  • 1Infectious Diseases Unit, "G.B. Rossi" University Hospital, Verona, Italy.

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|November 15, 2019
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Summary

Tuberculosis-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) is an overactive immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, occurring during or after TB treatment. It can manifest paradoxically or unmask a hidden infection, particularly in HIV patients starting antiretroviral therapy.

Keywords:
AntiretroviralsHIVIRISImmune reconstitutionTuberculosis

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • HIV/AIDS

Background:

  • Tuberculosis-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) is an exaggerated immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
  • It affects both HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals during or after anti-TB therapy.
  • In HIV patients, TB-IRIS can emerge after antiretroviral therapy initiation, irrespective of HIV viral load suppression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the characteristics and clinical presentation of TB-IRIS.
  • To differentiate between paradoxical and unmasking TB-IRIS.
  • To outline current understanding of TB-IRIS pathogenesis and epidemiology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on TB-IRIS.
  • Analysis of clinical manifestations and diagnostic challenges.
  • Summary of treatment strategies and outcomes.

Main Results:

  • TB-IRIS presents as either paradoxical (worsening symptoms in treated TB) or unmasking (hastened presentation of subclinical infection).
  • Pathogenesis and epidemiology are not fully elucidated.
  • No definitive diagnostic tests exist for TB-IRIS.

Conclusions:

  • TB-IRIS management involves anti-tuberculosis drugs, potentially with corticosteroids.
  • Mortality associated with TB-IRIS is generally low.
  • Further research is needed to understand TB-IRIS pathogenesis and improve diagnosis.