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Related Concept Videos

Korotkoff Sounds01:12

Korotkoff Sounds

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Korotkoff sounds are the specific sounds heard while measuring blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer, typically with a stethoscope or a Doppler device. They are named after Russian physician Nikolai Korotkov, who first described them in 1905. These sounds correspond to turbulent blood flow in the artery as the blood pressure cuff is gradually released after inflation.
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Sound as Pressure Waves01:17

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Sound waves, which are longitudinal waves, can be modeled as the displacement amplitude varying as a function of the spatial and temporal coordinates. As a column of the medium is displaced, its successive columns are also displaced. As the successive displacements differ relatively, a pressure difference with the surrounding pressure is created. The gauge pressure varies across the medium.
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Sound Waves01:01

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Sound Waves: Interference00:53

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Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...
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Sound Waves: Resonance01:14

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Investigating the Effect of Visual Imagery and Learning Shape-Audio Regularities on Bouba and Kiki
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Bouba and Kiki inside objects: Sound-shape correspondence for objects with a hole.

Sung-Ho Kim1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea.

Cognition
|November 15, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The shape of visual holes, not their edges, influences how we perceive them. This finding holds true even for irregular shapes and animal faces, suggesting interior shape is automatically processed.

Keywords:
Figure/ground organizationGlobal-local shape processingHolesPerceptual closureShape perceptionSound-shape mapping

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Visual Perception
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Visual holes present unique challenges for understanding shape perception and figure/ground organization.
  • Previous studies have not directly investigated how the perception of a hole's shape differs from a solid object's shape.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether the perceived shape of a closed region changes when it becomes an empty hole.
  • To determine if shape-name matching for holed objects relies on the interior shape of the hole or the material edges.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Bouba/Kiki paradigm with observers matching doughnut-shaped cutouts to nonsense words.
  • Manipulated hole boundary curvature to create conflicting shape impressions between interior holes and exterior edges.
  • Extended experiments to include animal character faces and irregular, non-symmetric shapes.

Main Results:

  • Shape-name matching for holed objects was consistently based on the interior shape of the holes.
  • This pattern persisted regardless of whether holes appeared in abstract shapes, animal faces, or irregular forms.
  • Even "C"-shaped stimuli showed interior-shape-based matching when the opening was small.

Conclusions:

  • The interior shapes of visual holes are automatically accessible during visual processing.
  • A global-level, unitary shape representation favors the interior region for both objects and holes.
  • This finding imposes a significant constraint on how the visual system processes shape.