In vitro cytotoxicity assessment of monocationic and dicationic pyridinium-based ionic liquids on HeLa, MCF-7, BGM...

Dicationic ionic liquids (ILs) generally possess higher thermal and electrochemical stability than the analogous monocationic ILs, which makes them more suitable for high-temperature applications as solvents for organic reactions, lubricants or stationary phase in gas chromatography. However, knowledge on dicationic IL cytotoxicity is still scarce. Here we explore the cytotoxicity of twelve mono- and dicationic pyridinium-based ILs on HeLa, MCF-7, BGM and EA.hy926 cells. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, cell cycle arrest assays, apoptosis experiments and orange staining were carried out. The results showed that dicationic ILs are generally less cytotoxic than their monocationic counterparts. In monocationic ILs, cytotoxicity was stronger when they contain long alkyl chains, because of their higher lipophilicity. However, the full effect of the length of the linkage alkyl chain of dicationic ILs on cytotoxicity is not clear probably because the chain is "trapped" between both cationic moieties. IL cytotoxicity is highly dependent on the cell type, and HeLa cells exposed to [C₁₂Pyr]Br die via apoptosis. The present study increases our knowledge of IL cytotoxicity on human and monkey cells and clarifies the cell death mechanism. The results suggest that dicationic ILs offer the potential to replace some monocationic ILs because of their lower cytotoxicity.