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Related Concept Videos

Caspases01:24

Caspases

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Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside...
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle

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In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
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DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle

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In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
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MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
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Lighting Up the Pathways to Caspase Activation Using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation
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Cell-Cycle Cross Talk with Caspases and Their Substrates.

Patrick Connolly1, Irmina Garcia-Carpio1, Andreas Villunger1,2,3

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Caspases, enzymes crucial for cell death and inflammation, also regulate cell differentiation and tissue homeostasis. These proteases directly impact the cell cycle, influencing its progression and interacting with cell-cycle kinases.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Caspases are key mediators of apoptosis and inflammation.
  • Emerging evidence highlights caspases' roles in non-apoptotic cellular processes.
  • These include cell differentiation, proliferation, arrest, and senescence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the diverse interactions between caspases and cell-cycle regulators.
  • To highlight recent advancements in understanding these relationships.
  • To underscore the multifaceted roles of caspases in cellular functions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on caspases and cell-cycle regulation.
  • Analysis of experimental data demonstrating caspase involvement in cell-cycle control.
  • Synthesis of findings on caspase cleavage targets and kinase interactions.

Main Results:

  • Caspases are essential for differentiation in various stem and progenitor cell types (e.g., neural, hematopoietic).
  • Caspases influence cell proliferation, arrest, and senescence, contributing to tissue homeostasis.
  • Caspases directly modulate the cell cycle by cleaving regulators and being phosphorylated by kinases.

Conclusions:

  • Caspases are critical regulators of fundamental cellular processes beyond cell death.
  • Their intricate interplay with the cell cycle is vital for maintaining tissue homeostasis.
  • Further research into caspase-cell cycle interactions offers insights into therapeutic strategies.