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In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs

Published on: October 31, 2025

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Bernard Thébaud^1,2, Kara N Goss³, Matthew Laughon⁴

¹Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) and CHEO Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. bthebaud@toh.ca.

Nature Reviews. Disease Primers

|November 16, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common chronic lung disease in preterm infants. Understanding BPD

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Area of Science:

Neonatology
Pediatric Pulmonology
Developmental Biology

Background:

Survival rates for extremely preterm infants have increased due to advances in perinatal care.
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic lung disease, is a frequent complication in these infants.
BPD results from abnormal lung repair following antenatal and postnatal injuries.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the pathobiology of BPD for better understanding of disease mechanisms.
To identify novel therapeutic targets for BPD.
To improve clinical classification and early identification of at-risk infants.

Main Methods:

Review of current understanding of BPD pathobiology.
Analysis of clinical and translational studies on BPD.
Focus on aberrant lung repair mechanisms.

Main Results:

BPD impairs lung development, leading to persistent airway and vascular disease.
Current research focuses on minimizing injurious postnatal interventions.
Understanding lung repair and regeneration is key.

Conclusions:

Further insights into BPD pathobiology are needed for novel therapies.
Improved disease classification and early detection can enhance individualized care.
Research aims to improve long-term outcomes for preterm infants.