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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Exploring the interactions between the human and viral genomes.

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Genome-to-genome studies analyze host and pathogen genomes together to understand infectious diseases. This approach identifies genetic variants in both hosts and pathogens that influence disease outcomes, advancing personalized medicine.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics and Infectious Disease Research
  • Host-Pathogen Interaction Studies

Background:

  • Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have advanced the identification of human genetic variants linked to infectious disease susceptibility.
  • Comparable methods are now used to identify pathogen genetic variants that modulate disease severity.
  • Host and pathogen genetic variants jointly influence disease outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development and application of genome-to-genome (G2G) analysis in infectious disease research.
  • To highlight initial G2G studies focusing on chronic HIV and hepatitis C virus infections.
  • To discuss the need for advanced statistical methods in G2G studies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on genome-wide association studies and genome-to-genome analysis.
  • Analysis of early G2G studies in patients with chronic HIV and hepatitis C virus infections.
  • Discussion of statistical challenges, including population stratification and multiple testing.

Main Results:

  • Genome-to-genome analysis represents a novel approach to simultaneously explore host and pathogen genomes.
  • Initial studies have focused on chronic viral infections like HIV and HCV.
  • There is a recognized need for novel statistical methodologies to enhance G2G study robustness.

Conclusions:

  • Genome-to-genome analysis is an emerging field with significant potential for understanding infectious diseases.
  • Future research should focus on developing advanced statistical tools for G2G studies.
  • G2G analysis is expected to be particularly effective in complex infectious disease research areas.