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Related Concept Videos

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes01:19

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Reference electrodes serve as a stable reference point for potentiometric measurements, while indicator and working electrodes react to variations in the composition of a solution.
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 Electrochemical measurements are conducted in an electrochemical cell composed of various components that control and measure the current and potential. One fundamental component is electrodes, conductive materials that enable electron transfer reactions at their surfaces.
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Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Fabrication of Thin Film Silver/Silver Chloride Electrodes with Finely Controlled Single Layer Silver Chloride
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Stable Full-Inkjet-Printed Solid-State Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode.

Ana Moya1,2, Roberto Pol3,4, Alfonso Martínez-Cuadrado3

  • 1Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona , IMB-CNM (CSIC) , Esfera UAB, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona , Spain.

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|November 16, 2019
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Summary

A novel inkjet-printed solid-state reference electrode was developed using consecutive printing layers. This stable, reusable electrode offers performance comparable to commercial options, paving the way for low-cost miniaturized devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Growing demand for inexpensive, simple, and rapidly prototyped devices.
  • Miniaturization of electrochemical sensors is crucial for portable applications.
  • Need for reliable and low-cost reference electrodes in electrochemical sensing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a stable and reusable fully inkjet-printed solid-state reference electrode (IPRE).
  • To demonstrate the feasibility of using inkjet printing for fabricating miniaturized reference electrodes.
  • To achieve performance comparable to commercial reference electrodes.

Main Methods:

  • Consecutive inkjet printing of multiple layers to form the reference electrode.
  • Printing silver (Ag) ink followed by chlorination with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) to create a Ag/AgCl pseudoreference electrode.
  • Applying a Cl--saturated polyvinyl butyral membrane for surface protection.

Main Results:

  • A fully inkjet-printed solid-state reference electrode (IPRE) was successfully fabricated.
  • The developed IPRE demonstrated outstanding performance comparable to commercial reference electrodes.
  • The fabrication process is stable, reusable, and suitable for mass production.

Conclusions:

  • Inkjet printing offers a promising strategy for producing low-cost, miniaturized reference electrodes.
  • This fabrication method enhances the viability of electrochemical sensor-dependent areas.
  • The developed IPRE technology can significantly impact portable and point-of-care diagnostic devices.