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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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What is Gene Expression?01:42

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Analyzing Gene Expression from Marine Microbial Communities using Environmental Transcriptomics
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Gene Expression Changes and Community Turnover Differentially Shape the Global Ocean Metatranscriptome.

Guillem Salazar1, Lucas Paoli1, Adriana Alberti2

  • 1Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland.

Cell
|November 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Global ocean microbial transcriptomes reveal how gene expression and community composition shape marine ecosystems. Polar regions may see more community shifts than gene expression changes with ocean warming.

Keywords:
Tara Oceansbiogeochemistrycommunity turnovereco-systems biologygene expression changeglobal ocean microbiomemetagenomemetatranscriptomemicrobial ecologyocean warming

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Area of Science:

  • Marine microbiology
  • Ocean biogeochemistry
  • Environmental genomics

Background:

  • Ocean microbial communities are critical for global biogeochemistry, food webs, and climate.
  • Previous research focused on microbial taxonomy and genomics, with limited understanding of global transcriptome variations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a comprehensive dataset of global ocean metatranscriptomes and metagenomes.
  • To establish a large gene resource for studying community-level transcriptomes.
  • To investigate mechanisms shaping transcriptomes across environmental gradients.

Main Methods:

  • Collected 187 metatranscriptomes and 370 metagenomes from 126 global sampling stations.
  • Developed a resource of 47 million genes.
  • Analyzed gene expression changes and community turnover across depth and latitude.

Main Results:

  • Characterized community-level transcriptomes from pole-to-pole.
  • Identified varying contributions of gene expression and community turnover to transcriptomic profiles.
  • Observed a lower relative contribution of gene expression changes in polar waters compared to non-polar waters.

Conclusions:

  • Ocean microbial transcriptomes are shaped by both gene expression and community composition.
  • Gene expression changes play a lesser role in polar regions.
  • Ocean warming impacts in polar regions may be driven more by community shifts than gene regulation.