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Related Concept Videos

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I01:26

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I

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The main and largest component of the human brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum consists of two main parts: the cerebral cortex, an outer layer with wrinkles or folds known as gyri and shallow grooves called sulci, and a deeper region beneath it. The cerebrum divides into two distinct hemispheres and contains five different lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula. The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes and two functionally important gyri — the...
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Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:24

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II01:11

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II

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Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
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Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory01:14

Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory

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The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the...
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Lobes of the Cerebrum01:22

Lobes of the Cerebrum

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The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements....
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Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions01:17

Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions

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The cerebellum, also known as the "little brain," is located in the posterior cranial fossa, inferior to the tentorium cerebelli and dorsal to the brainstem. It plays a significant role in motor control, coordination, and proprioception.
Cerebellar Structure
Externally, the cerebellum features a highly convoluted surface with numerous folia (narrow ridges) separated by shallow sulci (grooves). The cerebellum is divided into two hemispheres by a thin median structure known as the vermis. The...
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Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex
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Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

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The cingulate cortex in neurologic diseases: History, Structure, Overview.

Brent A Vogt1

  • 1Cingulum Neurosciences Institute, Manlius, NY, United States; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|November 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review details the history and complex organization of the cingulate cortex, a key part of the limbic system. It highlights challenges in its neurological study and summarizes current functional insights.

Keywords:
Anterior cingulateArterial supplyAttentionCingulate diseasesCingulate mapConnectionsFearLimbic systemMidcingulatePosterior cingulateRetrosplenial

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neuroanatomy
  • Neurology

Background:

  • The cingulate cortex, a crucial component of the limbic system, has a complex history of study.
  • Its significant role in neurology has been limited due to intricate arterial supply and lack of a defined cingulate syndrome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a historical overview of cingulate organization research.
  • To present a foundational map and functional summary of the cingulate cortex's divisions.

Main Methods:

  • Historical literature review of cingulate organization observations.
  • Synthesis of current functional attributes and connectivity models.

Main Results:

  • A historical perspective from 1907 to the present on cingulate organization.
  • A presented flat map detailing eight subregions and areas of the cingulate cortex.
  • Summary of functional attributes including cognitive, emotional, and autonomic outputs.

Conclusions:

  • The complex nature of the cingulate cortex has historically impeded its neurological significance.
  • Current research provides a basis for understanding its diverse functions through connectivity and regional analysis.