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Drug Delivery: Overview

Drug Delivery: Overview

The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the gastrointestinal...

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
Drugs in...

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection, and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs through the...

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug binding...

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted

Site-targeted drug delivery systems enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity and treatment costs. Unlike conventional methods, these systems ensure precise drug delivery, improving bioavailability and reducing side effects. Targeted drug delivery is classified into three levels. First-order targeting directs drugs to the capillary beds of specific organs or tissues. Second-order targets specific cell types, such as tumor cells, using receptor-mediated interactions.

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems

Continuous-release drug delivery systems offer a strategic approach to maintaining therapeutic drug levels over extended periods following oral administration. By modulating the release rate of active pharmaceutical ingredients, these systems minimize fluctuations in plasma concentrations, which enhances clinical efficacy and reduces the need for frequent dosing. Such characteristics make them particularly advantageous in managing chronic diseases where patient adherence and stable drug...

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Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Systemic and Local Drug Delivery for Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Rodent Models

Systemic and Local Drug Delivery for Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Rodent Models

Published on: August 16, 2010

Sequential drug delivery for liver diseases.

Xiaozhong Huang¹, Fan Lee², Yao Teng¹

¹Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore 117593, Singapore; Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, The Nanos, #06-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore.

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews

|November 18, 2019

Summary

Sequential drug delivery in the liver is crucial due to rapid metabolism and short drug exposure. This review explores advanced biomaterials, cells, and microdevices for effective sequential drug administration in liver diseases.

Keywords:

Drug delivery Liver cancer Liver regeneration Microdevice NASH TACE

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Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Systemic and Local Drug Delivery for Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Rodent Models

Systemic and Local Drug Delivery for Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Rodent Models

Published on: August 16, 2010

Delivery of Therapeutic siRNA to the CNS Using Cationic and Anionic Liposomes

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Published on: July 23, 2016

Method of Direct Segmental Intra-hepatic Delivery Using a Rat Liver Hilar Clamp Model

Method of Direct Segmental Intra-hepatic Delivery Using a Rat Liver Hilar Clamp Model

Published on: April 2, 2017

Area of Science:

Hepatology
Pharmacology
Biomaterials Science

Background:

The liver's high blood flow and rapid drug metabolism necessitate novel drug delivery strategies.
Short drug exposure times in liver cells limit the efficacy, potency, and safety of conventional treatments.
Understanding liver regeneration and disease progression is key to developing targeted therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

To review sequential drug delivery strategies for liver diseases.
To highlight advancements in biomaterial, cell, and microdevice-based platforms for rapid drug delivery and switching.
To explore potential applications of sequential drug delivery in liver cancer, viral hepatitis, fatty liver disease, and drug-induced liver injury.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on sequential drug delivery in liver regeneration and disease.
Analysis of various delivery platforms including biomaterials, cells, and microdevices.
Comparative assessment of delivery kinetics and drug switching capabilities.

Main Results:

Various platforms show promise for localized, sequential drug delivery in the liver.
Fast delivery kinetics and rapid drug switching are achievable with advanced systems.
Examples include applications in liver cancer, hepatitis B, fatty liver disease, and drug-induced liver injury.

Conclusions:

Sequential drug delivery offers a promising approach to overcome challenges in treating liver diseases.
Further development of biomaterial, cell, and microdevice platforms is warranted.
This nascent field holds significant potential for improving therapeutic outcomes in hepatology.