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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

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Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview01:21

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When it comes to infants and young children, they are typically administered smaller doses of medication in comparison to adults. This is primarily because their organ functions still need to fully develop, meaning their bodies are not as efficient at metabolizing or eliminating drugs. Additionally, their blood-brain barrier is more permeable than in adults. As a result, high concentrations of drugs can easily penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), potentially leading to neurological...
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Guidelines for Elective Pediatric Fiberoptic Intubation
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Pediatric Considerations.

Marc A Benard1

  • 1Baja Project for Crippled Children/Operation Footprint, Westlake Village, CA, USA; American Board of Podiatric Medicine, Hermosa Beach, CA, USA; Western University of Podiatric Medicine, Pomona, CA, USA.

Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery
|November 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Performing a biomechanical examination in children requires understanding unique factors like growth and gait development. This guide details age-specific assessments for lower extremity evaluation in pediatric patients.

Keywords:
EquinusGaleazziHeel-toeHyperpronationIn-toeingInfancyReflexesTorsion

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Orthopedics
  • Biomechanical Analysis
  • Developmental Pediatrics

Background:

  • Biomechanical examinations in children differ significantly from adults due to developmental factors.
  • Key differences include ongoing growth, osseous maturation, and evolving gait patterns.
  • Children's subjective symptom reporting also presents unique interpretive challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the essential considerations for performing pediatric biomechanical examinations.
  • To provide a framework for assessing lower extremity findings in children.
  • To offer clinical guidance for evaluating pediatric gait and related conditions.

Main Methods:

  • The article reviews age-specific considerations for lower extremity biomechanics.
  • It categorizes children into developmental gait stages: prewalkers, foot-flat walkers, and heel-to-toe walkers.
  • Clinical pearls and segmental reviews by age bracket are included.

Main Results:

  • The examination requires adaptation based on a child's developmental stage and growth.
  • Specific age brackets and gait patterns necessitate tailored assessment approaches.
  • Consideration of footwear and orthotics is integral to the comprehensive evaluation.

Conclusions:

  • Effective pediatric biomechanical assessment hinges on recognizing developmental variations.
  • A structured, age-appropriate approach enhances diagnostic accuracy in children.
  • This guide assists clinicians in optimizing lower extremity evaluations for pediatric patients.