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A Thickness Illusion: Horizontal Is Perceived as Thicker than Vertical.

Jasper M De Waard1,2, Erik Van der Burg2,3,4, Christian N L Olivers2,3

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Vision (Basel, Switzerland)
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Type designers know about a visual illusion where horizontal lines appear thicker than vertical ones. Our study scientifically confirms this thickness illusion and links it to the vertical-horizontal illusion.

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Area of Science:

  • Visual Perception
  • Psychophysics
  • Graphic Design Principles

Background:

  • A visual illusion regarding line thickness is widely recognized in typography but lacks scientific investigation.
  • This illusion involves the overestimation of a horizontal line's thickness compared to a vertical line of identical physical dimensions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To scientifically validate the existence of the horizontal line thickness overestimation illusion.
  • To explore the relationship between this thickness illusion and the established vertical-horizontal illusion.
  • To investigate the influence of surrounding frame orientation on both illusions.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted two psychophysical experiments.
  • Experiment 1: Confirmed the thickness illusion.
  • Experiment 2: Replicated the effect, linked it to the vertical-horizontal illusion, and tested the impact of surrounding frame orientation (horizontal vs. vertical elongation).

Main Results:

  • Experiment 1 confirmed that horizontal lines are perceived as thicker than vertical lines.
  • Experiment 2 demonstrated a strong relationship between the thickness illusion and the vertical-horizontal illusion (overestimation of vertical line length).
  • Both illusions were amplified when the stimulus was framed by a horizontally elongated surround compared to a vertically elongated one.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides the first scientific evidence for the horizontal line thickness illusion.
  • The thickness illusion is closely related to the vertical-horizontal illusion, suggesting shared underlying perceptual mechanisms.
  • Environmental factors, such as surrounding frame orientation, significantly modulate these visual illusions.