Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

5.6K
Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
5.6K
E2 Reaction: Kinetics and Mechanism02:45

E2 Reaction: Kinetics and Mechanism

12.2K
SN2 substitutions and E2 eliminations of alkyl halides proceed via a concerted pathway. While the nucleophile attacks the alpha carbon in SN2 reactions, it functions as a strong base and abstracts a beta hydrogen in the E2 mechanism. The rate-limiting transition state in E2 elimination reactions is characterized by partially broken carbon–hydrogen and carbon–halogen bonds and a partially formed pi bond between the alpha and beta carbons. The beta hydrogen and halide are eliminated...
12.2K
Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

2.0K
Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
2.0K
E2 Reaction: Stereochemistry and Regiochemistry02:43

E2 Reaction: Stereochemistry and Regiochemistry

13.3K
Elimination reactions of alkyl halides can yield one or more alkenes depending on the specific regiochemical and stereochemical considerations. While the regiochemistry of the reaction governs the location of the double bond in the product, the stereochemical requirements often influence the geometry.
When a substrate with two different β hydrogens undergoes an E2 elimination, the presence of a strong base can yield two regioisomeric alkenes. The more-substituted alkene is the major...
13.3K
Preparation of Epoxides03:00

Preparation of Epoxides

9.0K
Overview
Epoxides result from alkene oxidation, which can be achieved by a) air, b) peroxy acids, c) hypochlorous acids, and d) halohydrin cyclization.
Epoxidation with Peroxy Acids
Epoxidation of alkenes via oxidation with peroxy acids involves the conversion of a carbon–carbon double bond to an epoxide using the oxidizing agent meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, commonly known as MCPBA. Since the O–O bond of peroxy acids is very weak, the addition of electrophilic oxygen of peroxy acids to...
9.0K
Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation03:12

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

39.2K
Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased. Vapor pressure increases with temperature, and so a solution will require a higher temperature than will pure solvent to achieve any given vapor pressure, including one...
39.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Jumping in simulated lunar gravity with blood flow restriction as a potential exercise countermeasure: The acute physiological effects.

Experimental physiology·2026
Same author

Correction to "Therapeutic Role of Deep Eutectic Solvents Based on Menthol and Saturated Fatty Acids on Wound Healing".

ACS applied bio materials·2026
Same author

Molecular Characterization of <i>Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus</i> in Portugal and Its Global Phylogenetic Context.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Eutectogels: Recent Advances, Design Strategies, and Emerging Applications in Biotechnology.

Gels (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

From Biomass to Efficient Lipid Recovery: Choline-Based Ionic Liquids and Microwave Extraction of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

A Perspective Towards More Sustainable Production of Biotechnologically Relevant Enzymes Using DESs.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same journal

A Video Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial - Electrochemotherapy of Cutaneous Metastases with Reduced Dose Bleomycin (BLESS Trial).

Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE·2026
Same journal

A Standardized Ex Vivo Porcine Oromucosal Model for Evaluating Peptide Fluxes.

Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE·2026
Same journal

Lightweight English Text Classification with Deep Learning Based on Complex System Theory.

Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE·2026
Same journal

Integrating Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Translation Support into English Courses: Effects on Translation Accuracy, Perceived Stress, and Anxiety.

Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE·2026
Same journal

A Toxin-Based Counter-Selection System for Markerless Gene Deletion and High-Density Tn5 Transposon Mutagenesis in Pectobacterium brasiliense.

Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE·2026
Same journal

Seamless Multimodal Human-Robot Communication: Integration Techniques in Human-Computer Interaction.

Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems
06:15

Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems

Published on: October 31, 2019

12.6K

Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems.

Liane Meneses1, Filipa Santos1, Ana Rita Gameiro1

  • 1LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa.

Journal of Visualized Experiments : Jove
|November 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Standardizing deep eutectic system (DES) preparation is crucial for reproducibility. This study found that water inclusion is often essential for successfully preparing these systems at room temperature.

More Related Videos

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators
06:31

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

Published on: November 27, 2015

9.9K
Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates
06:35

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

Published on: February 15, 2016

8.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems
06:15

Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems

Published on: October 31, 2019

12.6K
Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators
06:31

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

Published on: November 27, 2015

9.9K
Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates
06:35

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

Published on: February 15, 2016

8.4K

Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Deep eutectic systems (DES) are formed by mixing two or more components.
  • Standardization of DES preparation, characterization, and reporting is needed for reproducibility.
  • Existing literature methods for DES preparation lack consistency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test various literature approaches for preparing eutectic systems.
  • To evaluate the critical role of water in forming liquid DES at room temperature.
  • To identify reproducible methods for DES synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic testing of different published DES preparation techniques.
  • Evaluation of the impact of water as a third component.
  • Analysis of DES formation using common components like citric acid, glucose, and betaine.

Main Results:

  • Not all previously reported DES preparation methods were reproducible.
  • The inclusion of water as a third component was essential for reproducing several DES.
  • Successful room-temperature liquid DES were achieved in specific cases with water addition.

Conclusions:

  • Reproducibility in DES preparation requires standardized protocols.
  • Water plays a vital role in the successful formation of many liquid DES.
  • Further research into optimized DES synthesis is warranted.