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The mechanics of solid-state nanofoaming.

Frederik Van Loock1, Victoria Bernardo2, Miguel Angel Rodríguez Pérez2

  • 1Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, CB2 1PZ Cambridge, UK.

Proceedings. Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|November 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study explores solid-state nanofoaming of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) using carbon dioxide (CO2). Results show cell wall thickness influences failure strain, impacting maximum achievable porosity in PMMA nanofoams.

Keywords:
PMMA nanofoamsdeformation mechanism mapsmolecular weightporosity limitsolid-state foamingvoid growth model

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Solid-state foaming offers a route to creating polymer nanoporous materials.
  • Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is a versatile polymer with applications in optics and electronics.
  • Understanding foaming parameters is crucial for controlling material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the solid-state nanofoaming of two PMMA grades with different molecular weights using CO2.
  • To analyze the influence of foaming time and temperature on porosity.
  • To characterize the microstructure (cell size, nucleation density) of PMMA nanofoams.

Main Methods:

  • Solid-state foaming experiments using CO2 as the blowing agent on two PMMA grades.
  • Microstructural characterization of the resulting nanofoams.
  • Development of a 1D numerical model to predict void growth during foaming.

Main Results:

  • Porosity is sensitive to foaming time and temperature.
  • CO2 diffusion in PMMA is rapid, leading to spatially uniform concentrations.
  • The model, using calibrated constitutive laws and accounting for Tg shift, predicts void growth.
  • Maximum porosity is limited by cell wall tearing, with failure strain dependent on cell wall thickness.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully characterized PMMA nanofoaming and developed a predictive model.
  • Cell wall thickness is a critical factor determining the failure strain and maximum porosity.
  • Findings provide insights into controlling nanoporous structure in PMMA via solid-state foaming.