Lebanese Population Exposure to Trace Elements via White Bread Consumption.

Area of Science:

• Environmental Health
• Food Safety
• Analytical Chemistry

Background:

• White pita bread is a staple food in Lebanon.
• Exposure to trace elements (TEs) through diet is a significant public health concern.
• Understanding dietary exposure to TEs is crucial for risk assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

• To evaluate the exposure of the Lebanese population to trace elements (TEs) through the consumption of white pita bread.
• To quantify TEs in commonly consumed pita brands.
• To compare estimated daily intake with safety levels.

Main Methods:

• A survey of 1000 Lebanese individuals (adults and children) determined pita consumption patterns.
• Three popular white pita brands (B1, B2, B3) were analyzed for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Hg, Ni, and Pb.
• Daily TE intake was calculated and compared to established tolerable intake levels.

Main Results:

• Pita brand B3 contributed most to TE exposure, except for Nickel (Ni), which was higher in B1.
• Elevated Ni intake was observed in highly exposed populations.
• Low margins of exposure for Arsenic (As) and Lead (Pb) indicate a potential risk.

Conclusions:

• While most TEs in pita bread do not pose a safety concern for the Lebanese population, Arsenic (As) and Lead (Pb) exposure levels are worrying.
• Nickel (Ni) intake exceeds tolerable limits for the most exposed groups.
• Further investigation and potential mitigation strategies are recommended to address As and Pb risks.