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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Cone Beam Intraoperative Computed Tomography-based Image Guidance for Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Interbody Fusion
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Imaging Technologies in Spine Surgery.

Vikram Chakravarthy1, Shehryar Sheikh1, Eric Schmidt1

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106.

Neurosurgery Clinics of North America
|November 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers the evolution of spinal imaging technologies, from historical methods to emerging endoscopic and exoscopic systems. New realities like AR and VR enhance surgical preparation and training.

Keywords:
Augmented realityEndoscopeExoscopeMicroscopeSpine imagingSpine navigationVirtual realityVisualization

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Medical Imaging
  • Surgical Technology

Background:

  • Spinal diagnostics and surgical therapy rely heavily on imaging technologies.
  • The field has seen significant advancements over time, impacting clinical practice.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the evolution of spinal imaging technologies.
  • To discuss both current and emerging imaging techniques in spinal care.

Main Methods:

  • Historical review of invasive and noninvasive imaging modalities.
  • Detailed sketch of emerging technologies like endoscopic and exoscopic systems.
  • Exploration of augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and mixed reality (MR) applications.

Main Results:

  • Imaging technologies have evolved significantly, forming a crucial part of contemporary spinal diagnostics and therapy.
  • Emerging technologies such as endoscopic and exoscopic systems are expanding the diagnostic and therapeutic arsenal.
  • AR, VR, and MR are enhancing surgical preparation and providing case-specific training.

Conclusions:

  • The evolution of spinal imaging continues to offer improved diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic options.
  • Emerging technologies promise to further revolutionize spinal surgery through enhanced visualization and training.
  • Immersive realities are poised to transform surgical planning and education in spinal interventions.