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Updated: Jan 3, 2026
Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages
Published on: June 23, 2013
Macrophage Polarization Induced by Probiotic Bacteria: a Concise Review
Yang Wang1, Huawei Liu2, Jinshan Zhao3
1College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China. wangyangqd0802@hotmail.com.
Abstract:
Macrophages display remarkable plasticity and can possess distinct functions in response to different environmental stimuli. Classically activated macrophages (M1 macrophages) are pro-inflammatory and have a critical role in host defense against infection, while alternatively activated macrophages (M2 macrophages) suppress inflammatory responses and associated with wound repair. Probiotic bacteria are reported to have a beneficial effect on the host immune status through their ability to modulate the macrophage polarization. Some probiotic strains are reported to activate macrophages to M1 phenotype to kill intracellular pathogens, while some other probiotics can induce M2 macrophages to exert the anti-inflammatory effect. Thus, this review will focus on the immunomodulatory role of probiotics in macrophage polarization and summarize the mode of action of probiotics in regulating macrophage plasticity. The detailed understanding of the immunomodulatory signaling effects of probiotic bacteria will broaden our understanding of how probiotics may regulate the immune system and find their therapeutic potentials for inflammatory diseases.
Insights
Probiotics modulate macrophage polarization, influencing immune responses. This review explores how probiotics activate M1 or M2 macrophages for therapeutic potential in inflammatory diseases.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Microbiology
- Cell Biology
Background:
- Macrophages exhibit plasticity, differentiating into M1 (pro-inflammatory) or M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotypes.
- Macrophage polarization is crucial for host defense, infection, and tissue repair.
- Probiotic bacteria can beneficially modulate host immune status.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the immunomodulatory role of probiotics in macrophage polarization.
- To summarize the mechanisms by which probiotics regulate macrophage plasticity.
- To explore therapeutic potentials of probiotics for inflammatory diseases.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of studies on probiotics and macrophage polarization.
- Analysis of signaling pathways involved in probiotic-mediated macrophage modulation.
- Synthesis of current understanding of probiotic-macrophage interactions.
Main Results:
- Probiotics can induce either M1 or M2 macrophage polarization depending on the strain.
- M1-inducing probiotics aid in pathogen clearance.
- M2-inducing probiotics promote anti-inflammatory effects and tissue repair.
Conclusions:
- Probiotics possess significant immunomodulatory capabilities through macrophage polarization.
- Understanding these mechanisms can lead to novel therapeutic strategies.
- Probiotics offer potential for managing inflammatory conditions and infections.
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