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Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages01:30

Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages

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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages00:43

Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages

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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle01:16

Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle

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The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects...
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Related Experiment Video

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Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle
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Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

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HBV Genome and Life Cycle.

Jie Wang1, Hongxin Huang1, Yongzhen Liu1

  • 1Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P.R. China.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|November 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a major public health concern. New therapies targeting the hepatitis B virus (HBV) life cycle and novel biomarkers offer future hope for CHB treatment and cure.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a significant global health issue, leading to severe liver conditions like cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • Current treatments, including nucleos(t)ide analogues (NA) and pegylated interferon-α (Peg-IFNα), inhibit HBV replication but rarely achieve a complete cure, necessitating long-term therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore novel antiviral strategies for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) by understanding the complete HBV life cycle.
  • To identify potential new therapeutic targets and biomarkers for monitoring treatment efficacy in CHB patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent advancements in understanding the hepatitis B virus (HBV) life cycle.
  • Investigation of the role of the sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) as the functional receptor for HBV entry.
  • Analysis of newly identified HBV components released into circulation, such as immature nucleocapsids and empty particles.

Main Results:

  • The discovery of the HBV functional receptor, sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), on hepatocytes.
  • Identification of circulating immature nucleocapsids, nucleocapsids with double-strand linear DNA (dslDNA), and empty HBV particles.
  • Elucidation of previously unknown steps in the HBV life cycle.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of the HBV life cycle provides new avenues for developing targeted antiviral therapies.
  • Emerging HBV markers in circulation may serve as future tools for assessing the effectiveness of antiviral treatments in CHB patients.
  • Novel therapeutic approaches targeting specific stages of the viral life cycle hold promise for achieving a functional cure for CHB.