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Sensors for Positron Emission Tomography Applications.

Wei Jiang1, Yamn Chalich2, M Jamal Deen1,2

  • 1School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This review compares four Positron Emission Tomography (PET) sensor technologies: photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), avalanche photodiodes (APDs), silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs), and cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detectors. Silicon photomultipliers and CZT detectors show the most promise for future PET systems.

Keywords:
avalanche photodiode (APD)cadmium zinc telluride (CZT)digital silicon photomultiplier (dSiPM)photomultiplier tubes (PMT)positron emission tomography (PET)silicon photomultiplier (SiPM)single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Detector Physics
  • Semiconductor Technology

Background:

  • Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is crucial for disease diagnosis, relying on functional imaging at the molecular level.
  • PET detector sensor technology is a key factor limiting system efficiency and accuracy.
  • Traditional photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) have limitations including fragility, bulkiness, high voltage requirements, and magnetic field sensitivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss operating principles, performance parameters, and PET applications of four sensor technologies.
  • To emphasize silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) and cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detectors as promising future PET sensors.
  • To compare sensor technologies in current state-of-the-art PET systems.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of four PET detector sensor technologies: PMTs, APDs, SiPMs, and CZT.
  • Discussion of operating principles and key performance metrics for each sensor type.
  • Review of sensor technologies implemented in commercially available PET systems.

Main Results:

  • Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) were historically used but have significant drawbacks for modern systems.
  • Solid-state detectors like avalanche photodiodes (APDs), silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs), and cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detectors are gaining research interest due to semiconductor advancements.
  • SiPMs and CZT detectors are identified as the most promising for future PET system development.

Conclusions:

  • SiPMs and CZT detectors offer significant advantages over traditional PMTs for next-generation PET systems.
  • Further research is needed to address the challenges and optimize SiPM and CZT detector technologies for widespread PET adoption.
  • The choice of sensor technology critically impacts the performance and future development of PET imaging systems.