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Uroflowmetry is a non-invasive urodynamic test designed to measure various aspects of urination, including volume, flow rate, and the time to void. This test is crucial for diagnosing and assessing conditions such as bladder outlet obstruction, bladder dysfunction, incomplete bladder emptying, incontinence, and urinary tract blockages caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and urethral strictures.Pre-Test Instructions:Before a uroflowmetry test, patients are typically advised to drink...
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Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
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Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

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The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
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Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...
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The kidneys concentrate or dilute urine to maintain water and electrolyte balance. Nephrons, particularly the loop of Henle, play a crucial role in this process through the countercurrent multiplication system. This system establishes a high osmolarity in the renal medulla, which is essential for water reabsorption. In the loop of Henle’s descending limb, water is reabsorbed into the surrounding medulla due to its permeability to water. In contrast, the ascending limb actively transports...
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Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Author Spotlight: Enhanced Urodynamic Method for Precise Urine Measurement in Awake Mice with Neurogenic Bladder
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Urodynamics in patients with multiple sclerosis: A consensus statement from a urodynamic experts working group.

M A Averbeck1, V Iacovelli2,3, J Panicker4

  • 1Department of Urology, Moinhos de Vento Hospital, Porto Alegre, Brazil.

Neurourology and Urodynamics
|November 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Urodynamics (UDS) is a valuable tool for multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD). This study established expert consensus on the role of UDS in managing MS patients.

Keywords:
diagnosislower urinary tract symptomsmultiple sclerosisrisk factorsurodynamics

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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-urology
  • Urology
  • Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

  • Lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) is common in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients.
  • Urodynamics (UDS) is often considered for MS patients, but its optimal timing and use are debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a consensus among experts on the role of UDS in managing MS patients.
  • To address the controversial aspects of UDS indication in MS patients.

Main Methods:

  • A Delphi method consensus project was conducted.
  • A panel of five experts in urology, rehabilitation medicine, and neurology participated.
  • Consensus was defined as agreement by ≥70% of experts, with multiple consensus meetings held.

Main Results:

  • Formal consensus was achieved on 100% of the items evaluated.
  • An algorithm for UDS use in MS patients was developed.
  • Expert opinion recommendations were unanimously approved.

Conclusions:

  • Urodynamics (UDS) is an important diagnostic tool for MS patients.
  • UDS is particularly useful for evaluating LUT dysfunction patterns in high-risk MS patients.
  • Further research is needed to establish optimal long-term UDS follow-up protocols for MS.