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Related Concept Videos

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

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Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of...
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Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high...
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Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...
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G-protein Coupled Receptors01:21

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G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that transverses the cell membrane seven times creating intracellular and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops create a ligand specific pocket which binds to neurotransmitters or hormones. The intracellular loops holds onto the G-protein.
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G Protein–Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to various stimuli. GPCRs regulate critical physiological pathways and are excellent drug targets for treating diseases such as diabetes, cancer, obesity, depression, or Alzheimer's. Nearly 35% of approved drugs implement their therapeutic effects by selectively interacting with specific GPCRs.
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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Measurement of Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP) in Solid Tissues using Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
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The cGMP system: components and function.

Franz Hofmann1

  • 1Pharmakologisches Institut, Technische Universität München, Biedersteiner Str. 29, D-80802 München, Germany.

Biological Chemistry
|November 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling system regulates vital physiological and pathophysiological processes. Understanding this pathway offers significant pharmacological potential for various diseases.

Keywords:
CNG ion channelcGMPcGMP kinaseguanylyl cyclase

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Establishment of a High-throughput Setup for Screening Small Molecules That Modulate c-di-GMP Signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cellular Signaling
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • The cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling system is a key regulator in diverse physiological and pathophysiological processes across mammalian and non-mammalian tissues.
  • Pharmacological interventions targeting cGMP pathways, including nitrates, phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, and nitric oxide-guanylyl cyclase (NO-GC) stimulators, have demonstrated considerable success.

Purpose of the Study:

  • This review provides a concise introduction to the cGMP signaling system for readers unfamiliar with the field.
  • It aims to offer a foundational understanding of the components and functions modulated by cGMP.

Main Methods:

  • This article is an introductory review, not an in-depth analysis.
  • It focuses on presenting a concise overview of the cGMP system's components and functions.
  • References to recent reviews are provided for readers seeking deeper insights.

Main Results:

  • cGMP signaling is orchestrated by guanylyl cyclases (GCs) and phosphodiesterases (PDEs).
  • Key effectors include cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels, cGMP-dependent protein kinases, and cGMP-regulated PDEs.
  • The review outlines the fundamental mechanisms of cGMP signal transduction.

Conclusions:

  • The cGMP signaling system is a crucial modulator of cellular functions with significant therapeutic implications.
  • A basic understanding of its components and regulatory mechanisms is essential for exploring its pharmacological applications.
  • This introductory review serves as a gateway to further exploration of the cGMP pathway.