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Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
154.8K
Translation01:31

Translation

17.4K
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
17.4K
Automatic Processing and Automatic Social Behavior01:28

Automatic Processing and Automatic Social Behavior

188
Automatic processing refers to the cognitive operations that occur without conscious intent or awareness, playing a fundamental role in shaping social cognition and behavior. These processes enable individuals to navigate complex social environments efficiently by relying on mental shortcuts and pre-existing knowledge structures known as schemas. One of the most influential mechanisms underlying automatic processing is priming, which subtly activates mental representations through exposure to...
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Language01:16

Language

844
Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
Corballis and Suddendorf (2007) and Tomasello and Rakoczy (2003) highlight the role of language in...
844
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

7.8K
7.8K
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

38.2K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Foreign Accent and Forensic Speaker Identification in Voice Lineups: The Influence of Acoustic Features Based on Prosody
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Automated content analysis across six languages.

Leah Cathryn Windsor1, James Grayson Cupit1, Alistair James Windsor2

  • 1Institute for Intelligent Systems, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America.

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|November 21, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Machine translation can help overcome corpus selection bias in international relations research by enabling analysis of non-English texts. LIWC analysis showed translated texts yielded stable results, with small effects on psychological processes.

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Area of Science:

  • International Relations
  • Computational Social Science
  • Natural Language Processing

Background:

  • Corpus selection bias in international relations research often stems from reliance on English-language data.
  • This bias limits the comprehensive understanding of global phenomena and hinders epistemological certainty.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the utility of machine translation in mitigating corpus selection bias.
  • To assess the impact of machine translation on text analytics in international relations research.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a collection of aligned sentences from United Nations documents (Multi-UN corpus).
  • Compared human translation with machine translation (Google Translate) using the Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC) 'bag of words' analysis tool.

Main Results:

  • Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC) indices demonstrated relative stability between human and machine-translated sentences.
  • Statistically significant differences were observed between original and translated documents, but effect sizes were generally small, particularly for psychological processes.

Conclusions:

  • Machine translation offers a viable approach to incorporate non-English sources, thereby addressing corpus selection bias.
  • The findings suggest that machine translation can be a valuable tool for expanding the scope and improving the generalizability of international relations research.