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General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...

Stages of General Anesthesia

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...

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Related Experiment Video

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Inducing Apical Periodontitis in Mice

Inducing Apical Periodontitis in Mice

Published on: August 6, 2019

Anaesthesia mumps: much to do about nothing.

Reena Abraham¹, Chetana Nagaraj¹, Wai Yoong²

¹Obstetrics and Gynaecology, North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK.

BMJ Case Reports

|November 22, 2019

Summary

Anaesthesia mumps, a rare postoperative complication causing parotid gland swelling, typically resolves without intervention. This case highlights its benign nature following vaginal hysterectomy.

Keywords:

anaesthesia obstetrics, gynaecology and fertility

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Area of Science:

Anesthesiology
Otolaryngology
Surgical Complications

Background:

Anaesthesia mumps is an infrequent complication characterized by parotid gland swelling post-surgery.
It can occur after various surgical and endoscopic procedures.
The exact etiology remains unclear, but mechanical pressure and autonomic nervous system changes are suspected.

Observation:

A patient developed anaesthesia mumps after a vaginal hysterectomy.
The patient had no significant pre-existing medical conditions.
The swelling was unilateral/bilateral and resolved spontaneously.

Findings:

The case demonstrates a benign and self-limiting course of anaesthesia mumps.
Review of literature reveals varied presentations and conservative management approaches.
No specific treatment is typically required, with supportive care being the mainstay.

Implications:

Understanding anaesthesia mumps aids in accurate diagnosis and reassurance of patients.
It emphasizes the importance of recognizing uncommon postoperative complications.
Further research could elucidate the precise pathophysiology and optimize management strategies.