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Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic...

Cloning of Dolly the Sheep

Cloning of Dolly the Sheep

The first successfully cloned mammal was Dolly, a sheep, born on 5th July 1996 at Roslin Institute, Scotland. The cloned sheep was named after the American singer Dolly Parton. Dolly lived for seven years and died of respiratory complications, which is speculated to be due to the actual age of her DNA. Because the DNA in cloned cells belongs to an older individual, the cloned individual’s life expectancy may be affected. Indeed, analysis of Dolly’s DNA revealed shorter...

Hybridoma Technology

Hybridoma Technology

Hybridoma technology is used for the large-scale production of monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies bind to only a single antigenic determinant or epitope. Such antibodies are used in research, diagnostics, and disease therapy. The hybridoma technology established in 1975 by Georges Köhler and Cesar Milstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1984 for revolutionizing research and therapy.
Hybridoma Selection
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Overview Of Cell Separation And Isolation

Overview Of Cell Separation And Isolation

Cell separation was first achieved in 1964 by S. H. Seal, who separated large tumor cells from the smaller blood cells using filtration. Two years later, Pohl and Hawk performed experiments on how cells respond differently to a nonuniform electric field based on the cell type. Such observations were the inception of cell separation methods, which allow isolating a single cell type from a heterogeneous sample.

In-vitro Mutagenesis

In-vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.

Recombinant DNA

Recombinant DNA

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Standardized Modular Assembly of Polycistronic Operons with Modular Cloning (MoClo) using the In-Cloning toolkit

Standardized Modular Assembly of Polycistronic Operons with Modular Cloning (MoClo) using the In-Cloning toolkit

Published on: September 2, 2025

MoCloFlex: A Modular Yet Flexible Cloning System.

Carlo A Klein¹, Leonie Emde¹, Aaron Kuijpers²

¹SYNMIKRO, LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

|November 22, 2019

Summary

Flexible Modular Cloning (MoCloFlex) offers a novel solution for DNA assembly, overcoming limitations of current methods. This system enables versatile and iterative construction of custom plasmids with up to 12 DNA fragments in one reaction.

Keywords:

DNA assembly MoClo cloning gene arrangement golden-gate synthetic biology

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Last Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Standardized Modular Assembly of Polycistronic Operons with Modular Cloning (MoClo) using the In-Cloning toolkit

Standardized Modular Assembly of Polycistronic Operons with Modular Cloning (MoClo) using the In-Cloning toolkit

Published on: September 2, 2025

Rapid Assembly of Multi-Gene Constructs using Modular Golden Gate Cloning

Rapid Assembly of Multi-Gene Constructs using Modular Golden Gate Cloning

Published on: February 5, 2021

Automated Robotic Liquid Handling Assembly of Modular DNA Devices

Automated Robotic Liquid Handling Assembly of Modular DNA Devices

Published on: December 1, 2017

Area of Science:

Synthetic Biology
Molecular Biology
Biotechnology

Background:

Classical cloning methods are being superseded by modern DNA assembly techniques.
Existing Golden-Gate based systems offer predefined DNA parts but lack flexibility and inter-compatibility.
There is a need for adaptable cloning strategies to facilitate complex construct design.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce Flexible Modular Cloning (MoCloFlex), an advanced cloning system.
To overcome inflexibilities and enhance inter-compatibility in DNA assembly.
To enable efficient design and iterative assembly of custom plasmids and large constructs.

Main Methods:

Development of linker- and position-vectors for free unit arrangement.
Utilizing Golden-Gate reactions for DNA fragment assembly.
Characterization of MoCloFlex for diverse applications.

Main Results:

MoCloFlex allows flexible arrangement of DNA units, overcoming current system inflexibilities.
The system facilitates convenient custom plasmid design and iterative assembly of large constructs.
MoCloFlex is compatible with the established Modular Cloning standard and can assemble up to 12 fragments in a single reaction.

Conclusions:

MoCloFlex provides a versatile and standardized platform for synthetic biology applications.
The system enhances the efficiency and adaptability of DNA assembly.
MoCloFlex supports the creation of complex genetic constructs through iterative assembly.